{"id":9468,"date":"2020-10-05T12:00:34","date_gmt":"2020-10-05T17:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment\/"},"modified":"2024-04-13T23:44:19","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T04:44:19","slug":"key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/05\/key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment\/","title":{"rendered":"Key facts about women\u2019s suffrage around the world, a century after U.S. ratified 19th Amendment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_feature.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-377232\" \/><figcaption>A woman casts her ballot at a polling station in Soweto in April 1994 for South Africa&#8217;s first free and democratic general election. (Brooks Kraft LLC\/Sygma via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This year <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2020\/07\/07\/a-century-after-women-gained-the-right-to-vote-majority-of-americans-see-work-to-do-on-gender-equality\/\">marks the centennial<\/a> of the ratification of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Nineteenth-Amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the 19th Amendment<\/a> to the United States Constitution, which guarantees women the right to vote. But the United States was hardly the first country to codify women\u2019s suffrage, and barriers to vote persisted for some groups of U.S. women for decades. At least 20 nations preceded the U.S., according to a Pew Research Center analysis of women\u2019s enfranchisement measures in 198 countries and self-administering territories. Today, none of these 198 countries and territories bar women from voting <em>because<\/em> of their sex; some countries do not hold national elections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here is a closer look at the history of women\u2019s suffrage around the world. This analysis focuses on when women in each country won the right to vote in <em>national<\/em> elections, not regional or local elections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible js-react-collapsible is-style-alternate has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A century after U.S. women gained the right to vote, we conducted this analysis to find out when women in other countries were first enfranchised at the national level. The analysis is based on information about 198 countries and self-administering territories from government publications, historical documents from organizations like the United Nations and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipu.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Inter-Parliamentary Union<\/a>, and news reports. For each country or territory, the year in which women received the right is based on the date this right was codified in a law or constitution or officially granted as part of a United Nations plebiscite. The analysis looks only at when women gained the right to vote in national elections, not in regional or local elections. In some cases, data about when these measures were passed is incomplete, contradicted in other publications or difficult to find, so this analysis is as complete and accurate as possible within our research limitations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saudi Arabia and Brunei do not hold national elections, and Hong Kong and Macau do not participate in China\u2019s elections. In all four of these jurisdictions, women are able to vote in local elections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 198 countries and self-administering territories covered by this analysis are home to more than 99.5% of the world\u2019s population. They include 192 of the 193 member states of the United Nations (data for North Korea is not included), plus six self-administering territories: Kosovo, Hong Kong, Macau, the Palestinian territories, Taiwan and Western Sahara. Reporting on these territories does not imply any position on what their international political status should be, only recognition that the de facto situations in these territories require separate analysis.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16978\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/05\/key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment\/ft_20-09-14_womenvoting_1b-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efe5dc\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efe5dc;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_1b.png?resize=480,910 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_1b.png?resize=782,1482 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_1b.png?resize=840,1592 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"796\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_1b.png?w=420\" alt=\"Europe, Asia-Pacific regions were front-runners in women's suffrage\" class=\"wp-image-16978 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>New Zealand enfranchised its female citizens in 1893, making it the first nation or territory to formally allow women to vote in national elections.<\/strong> At least 19 other countries also did so prior to the U.S. passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, according to our analysis. These countries are spread across Europe and Asia, and about half first gave women this right while under Russian or Soviet control or shortly after independence from Russia. Russia itself extended the vote to women after demonstrations in 1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In at least eight additional countries, some women \u2013 but not all \u2013 gained equal voting rights in or before 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More than half of the countries and territories we analyzed (129 out of 198) granted women the right to vote between 1893 and 1960. <\/strong>This includes all but six European nations. Some of the European nations that allowed universal suffrage after 1960 include Switzerland (1971), Portugal (1976) and Liechtenstein (1984). &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other world regions, women secured the right to vote in national elections only after major cultural or governmental shifts. For example, 80% of the countries in Africa we analyzed granted citizens universal suffrage between 1950 and 1975 \u2013 a period of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/worldservice\/africa\/features\/storyofafrica\/14generic3.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sweeping European decolonization<\/a> for the continent (as well for parts of Asia and Latin America). Many newly independent nations adopted universal suffrage along with new governments and constitutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16981\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/05\/key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment\/ft_20-09-14_womenvoting_2b-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8e5e0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8e5e0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_2b.png?resize=480,471 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_2b.png?resize=782,767 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_2b.png?resize=960,942 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_2b.png?resize=1200,1178 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_2b.png?resize=1280,1256 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"628\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_20.09.14_WomenVoting_2b.png?w=640\" alt=\"More than half of all countries and territories granted women the right to vote before 1960\" class=\"wp-image-16981 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bhutan, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait are the most recent countries or territories to allow women to participate in national elections, although the picture is complicated.<\/strong> Bhutan and the UAE only established national elections recently. Bhutan shifted from a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-bc-bhutan-election\/king-drags-bhutan-into-democracyand-first-elections-idUSB32601720080321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">monarchy to a parliamentary democracy<\/a> in 2007. The UAE allowed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-14703998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a small number of male and female citizens<\/a> to vote in the country\u2019s first national elections in 2006. In Kuwait, the country\u2019s Parliament <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/06\/30\/world\/middleeast\/30kuwait.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">amended an election law<\/a> in 2005; the change guaranteed women the right to vote and run for office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Saudi Arabia, women were enfranchised in <em>local<\/em> elections in 2015; the country does not hold national elections. South Sudan was established in 2011. It is not included among the most recent countries to give women the right to vote because women had this right starting in 1964, when the area was part of Sudan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>At least 19 nations \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/15\/arts\/design\/womens-suffrage-movement.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">including the U.S.<\/a> \u2013 initially restricted the right to vote for women of certain backgrounds<\/strong> <strong>based on demographic factors such as race, age, education level or marital status.<\/strong> Sometimes, decades passed before all citizens were enfranchised. In the U.S., for example, more than four decades passed between the ratification of the 19th Amendment and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/black-history\/voting-rights-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Voting Rights Act of 1965,<\/a> which took aim at discriminatory state and local restrictions intended to prevent Black Americans from voting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Restrictions like these weren\u2019t unique to the U.S. In Canada, for example, legislation in 1918 <a href=\"https:\/\/lop.parl.ca\/sites\/ParlInfo\/default\/en_CA\/ElectionsRidings\/womenVote\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">expanded suffrage to women<\/a>, but it excluded Canadians from Asian Canadian and Indigenous backgrounds. Asian Canadians <a href=\"https:\/\/electionsanddemocracy.ca\/voting-rights-through-time-0\/brief-history-federal-voting-rights-canada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">were not fully enfranchised<\/a> until the 1940s, and Indigenous people could not vote until 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Australia, Indigenous women were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aec.gov.au\/indigenous\/milestones.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">not enfranchised until 1962<\/a>, six decades after non-Indigenous women were able to vote. In South Africa, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.loc.gov\/law\/2015\/03\/women-in-history-voting-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">more than 60 years passed<\/a> between when White women won voting rights in 1930 and when Black women won them in 1993, following the end of apartheid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When India first <a href=\"https:\/\/ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk\/the-indian-suffragists-claiming-their-rights-in-britain-and-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">expanded voting rights to women<\/a> in 1935, only those who were married to a male voter, or possessed specific literacy qualifications, could vote. Universal suffrage followed in 1950.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some countries also initially set a higher minimum age for women voters than for their male counterparts. In 1915, for example, Icelandic women over age 40 <a href=\"https:\/\/kvennasogusafn.is\/index.php?page=the-founders-of-the-womens-history-archives\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gained the right to vote<\/a>. Five years later, the voting age for women was lowered to 25, in line with the requirement for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Legal and cultural restrictions limited women\u2019s voter participation in some countries and territories even after enfranchisement. <\/strong>Ecuador, for instance, became the first Latin American country to grant women voting rights in 1929, but it only extended the franchise to <a href=\"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/modernlatinamerica\/chapters\/chapter-15-culture-and-society\/essays-on-culture-and-society\/the-historical-and-contemporary-role-of-women-in-ecuadorian-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">literate Ecuadorian women<\/a>, and voting was not mandatory for women as it was for men. A new constitution in 1967 made voting mandatory for literate women, and it wasn\u2019t until 1979 that the <a href=\"http:\/\/constitutionnet.org\/country\/constitutional-history-ecuador\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">literacy requirement was dropped<\/a> completely. Several other countries, such as Hungary and Guatemala, also imposed literacy requirements on women voters that were lifted later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More recently, Samoa\u2019s government system allowed <a href=\"https:\/\/asiapacific.unwomen.org\/en\/countries\/fiji\/co\/samoa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">only those with chiefly titles<\/a>, known as matai, to vote in parliamentary elections, effectively excluding women from the vote. The island nation adopted universal suffrage in 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In some places, women were able to vote in local elections before they were enfranchised at the national level \u2013 or vice versa. <\/strong>In Switzerland, for example, women secured the right to vote in national elections in 1971 but had been able to <a href=\"http:\/\/ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk\/womens-suffrage-in-switzerland\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vote locally<\/a> in some cantons, or states, since 1959. But in another canton, Appenzell Innerrhoden, women were only given the right to vote in local elections after a 1990 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/women-s-suffrage_inner-rhoden-women-celebrate-25-years-of-the-vote\/41802282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">federal court ruling<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Few countries and territories have rescinded women\u2019s voting rights after initially granting them, but there are some notable exceptions.<\/strong> Afghanistan, for instance, was <a href=\"https:\/\/centralasiainstitute.org\/womens-voting-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">an early adopter<\/a> of women\u2019s suffrage after winning independence from Britain in 1919. Government shifts and instability over the next almost 100 years resulted in women losing and formally regaining the right to participate in elections several times. Women have the right to vote in Afghanistan today, but there are still <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-afghanistan-election-women\/afghan-women-fear-mandatory-poll-photos-could-stop-them-from-voting-idUSKBN1WA2WU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">barriers in place<\/a> that limit their participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In many countries, including the U.S., women often turn out to vote at higher rates than men.&nbsp;<\/strong>American women have turned out to vote at slightly higher rates than men in every U.S. presidential election since 1984, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/08\/18\/men-and-women-in-the-u-s-continue-to-differ-in-voter-turnout-rate-party-identification\/\">Pew Research Center analysis in August<\/a>. The same pattern appears in other countries, too. A 2016 study of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.idea.int\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/voter-turnout-trends-around-the-world.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">voting patterns<\/a> in 58 countries by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.idea.int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance<\/a> found that women\u2019s voter turnout was higher than men\u2019s in 21 countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At least 20 nations preceded the U.S. in granting women the right to vote, according to an analysis of measures in 198 countries and territories.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":340,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2020-10-05T21:25:07Z","apple_news_api_id":"7a2797df-edf9-4701-81d0-81cfbe65963d","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2020-10-29T22:55:44Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AeieX3-35RwGB0IHPvmWWPQ","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[{"key":"71229597-8dd2-47c4-b173-86f9dc4fb25d","termId":850}],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[101,91,209,216,116,53],"bylines":[850],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[521,525,529,526,527,528,522,520,523,517,518,519],"class_list":["post-9468","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-discrimination-prejudice","category-gender-politics-2","category-gender-politics-1","category-gender-equality-discrimination","category-world-elections-1","category-world-elections-2","bylines-katherine-schaeffer","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-data-labs","research-teams-global","research-teams-global-migration-and-demography","research-teams-internet","research-teams-journalism","research-teams-methods","research-teams-pew-research-center","research-teams-politics","research-teams-race-and-ethnicity","research-teams-religion","research-teams-science","research-teams-social-trends"],"label":"Short 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