{"id":9447,"date":"2020-12-04T11:00:09","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T16:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/its-not-just-2020-u-s-presidential-elections-have-long-featured-close-state-races\/"},"modified":"2024-04-13T23:44:15","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T04:44:15","slug":"its-not-just-2020-u-s-presidential-elections-have-long-featured-close-state-races","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/04\/its-not-just-2020-u-s-presidential-elections-have-long-featured-close-state-races\/","title":{"rendered":"It\u2019s not just 2020: U.S. presidential elections have long featured close state races"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joe Biden\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/11\/07\/us\/politics\/biden-election.html\">victory in the presidential election<\/a> was sealed by a string of close wins in several key states. Biden won Pennsylvania by just 1.2 percentage points, Wisconsin by six-tenths of a percentage point, Arizona by about a third of a percentage point, and Georgia by a quarter of a percentage point. In those four states combined, Biden beat incumbent President Donald Trump by fewer than 125,000 votes out of 18.5 million total votes cast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Close state races, it turns out, are nothing new in U.S. presidential elections. So while we wait for the remaining states to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/us-election-results-trump-biden.html\">certify their results<\/a> and the electors to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/22\/election-night-marks-the-end-of-one-phase-of-campaign-2020-and-the-start-of-another\/\">formally pick Biden<\/a>, here\u2019s a look back at some of the closest races of elections past, and an assessment of just how common such races are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible js-react-collapsible is-style-alternate\" data-title=\"How we did this\" data-style=\"is-style-alternate\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it became clear that the 2020 presidential election would hinge on several exceedingly close states, we became curious as to how frequently states have had close presidential votes, and how critical those states have been to the overall election\u2019s outcome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We began our investigation with the 1824 election, because before then, state-level popular votes weren\u2019t the deciding factor they soon would become. Three presidential elections before 1824 were essentially uncontested, while in the others, state legislatures chose many, if not most, of the electors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our main source for state-level popular vote totals was <a href=\"https:\/\/uselectionatlas.org\/\">Dave Leip\u2019s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections<\/a>; for elections since 1920, we supplemented the Atlas with data from the <a href=\"https:\/\/history.house.gov\/Institution\/Election-Statistics\/\">Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives<\/a>. Since at this writing not all states had certified their 2020 results, we relied on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/tablet\/2020\/11\/03\/election-2020-results-by-state\/\">The Washington Post\u2019s vote tracker<\/a>, as well as official state results when available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For each state in each election, we determined the vote shares of the winner, the runner-up and any significant third-party candidates. The winning margin was calculated by subtracting the runner-up\u2019s share from the winner\u2019s share; a winning margin less than 2 percentage points meant the state counted as \u201cclose.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16298\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/04\/its-not-just-2020-u-s-presidential-elections-have-long-featured-close-state-races\/ft_20-11-30_closestates_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f0ea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f0ea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"361\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?w=420\" alt=\"Close state-level contests are nothing new in U.S. presidential elections\" class=\"wp-image-16298 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=300,258 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=768,660 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=471,405 471w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=200,172 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=260,223 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=310,266 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=420,361 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=640,550 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=740,636 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=160,138 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_2.png?resize=320,275 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the 50 presidential elections that have taken place since 1824, the first election for which statewide popular votes were both determinative and reasonably reliably reported, there have been 187 instances in which a state was decided by less than 2 percentage points (our definition of \u201cclose\u201d for the purposes of this post). That\u2019s an average of 3.74 states with close races per election.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This year, five states were \u201cclose\u201d by our definition: In addition to the four mentioned above that Biden won, Trump carried North Carolina by 1.4 percentage points. In 2016, Trump won four of that year\u2019s six close states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The record high for close states in a presidential election was in 1976, when 11 states (with 156 electoral votes) were decided by less than 2 percentage points. That reflected the overall tight race between President Gerald Ford and Democratic challenger <a href=\"https:\/\/millercenter.org\/president\/carter\/campaigns-and-elections\">Jimmy Carter<\/a>. Carter ended up beating Ford by 1.7 million popular votes out of 81.5 million cast, and by 297 electoral votes to 240.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16303\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/04\/its-not-just-2020-u-s-presidential-elections-have-long-featured-close-state-races\/ft_20-11-30_closestates_3a-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"edeceb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #edeceb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"402\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?w=420\" alt=\"Close state elections can play a big role in U.S. presidential election outcomes\" class=\"wp-image-16303 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=300,287 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=768,735 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=423,405 423w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=200,191 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=260,249 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=310,297 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=420,402 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=640,613 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=740,708 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=160,153 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_3a.png?resize=320,306 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Carter-Ford contest was one of five elections in which close states accounted for more than a fifth of the available electoral votes. The closest election by that standard was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historycentral.com\/elections\/1844.html\">1844 faceoff<\/a> between Democrat James K. Polk and Whig Party standard-bearer Henry Clay: Six of the 26 then-existing states, accounting for 117 of the 275 available electoral votes (42.5%), were decided by less than 2 percentage points. The overall popular-vote margin was close, too: Polk ended up beating Clay by 39,413 votes, or 1.46 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since Polk defeated Clay in the Electoral College by 65 votes, that meant the close states represented enough electoral votes to shift the election. That\u2019s happened nine other times since \u2013 most recently in 2016, when the six close states collectively cast 89 electoral votes, compared with Trump\u2019s 77-electoral-vote margin over Hillary Clinton. This year, the five close states together accounted for 73 electoral votes, one fewer than Biden\u2019s 74-electoral-vote margin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-200-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16300\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/12\/04\/its-not-just-2020-u-s-presidential-elections-have-long-featured-close-state-races\/ft_20-11-30_closestates_1-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e7e6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e7e6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" height=\"510\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?w=200\" alt=\"The 2020 election was close in several states, but do you remember...\" class=\"wp-image-16300 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png 400w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=118,300 118w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=159,405 159w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=200,510 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=260,663 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=310,791 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=125,320 125w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/12\/FT_20.11.30_CloseStates_1.png?resize=251,640 251w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No individual state has ever been closer than Florida in 2000. Republican George W. Bush was declared the winner over Democrat Al Gore by just 537 votes out of nearly 6 million cast in the state \u2013 a winning margin of 0.009 (that\u2019s <em>nine-thousandths<\/em>) of a percentage point. The controversial race, which involved such exotic creatures as hanging chads and butterfly ballots, was eventually <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/html\/00-949.ZPC.html\">decided by the Supreme Court<\/a> and remains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/11\/12\/666812854\/the-florida-recount-of-2000-a-nightmare-that-goes-on-haunting\">burned into the memories<\/a> of just about everyone who experienced it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only state to come close to that razor-thin margin was Maryland in 1832, when Clay carried the state over President Andrew Jackson by all of four votes (out of 38,316 cast), for a winning margin of 0.0104, or just over one-hundredth of a percentage point. But because Maryland chose its electors by district rather than winner-take-all at the time, Clay got only five of the state\u2019s 10 electoral votes for his pains.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here\u2019s a look back at some of the closest races of elections past and an assessment of just how common such races are.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":584,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2020-12-04T22:49:05Z","apple_news_api_id":"6e11f432-18d0-422c-9953-de9d4566e636","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2023-01-04T17:36:01Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AbhH0MhjQQiyZU96dRWbmNg","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,51,420],"bylines":[842],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[520],"class_list":["post-9447","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-election-2020","category-election-system-voting-process","category-u-s-democracy","bylines-drew-desilver","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-politics"],"label":"Short 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state races have long been part of U.S. presidential elections","description":"Here\u2019s a look back at some of the closest races of elections past and an assessment of just how common such races are.","og_title":"It\u2019s not just 2020: U.S. presidential elections have long featured close state races","og_description":"Here\u2019s a look back at some of the closest races of elections past and an assessment of just how common such races are.","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":[],"custom_schema":[],"twitter_title":"It\u2019s not just 2020: U.S. presidential elections have long featured close state races","twitter_description":"Here\u2019s a look back at some of the closest races of elections past and an assessment of just how common such races 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