{"id":9364,"date":"2020-10-09T10:01:16","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T15:01:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/most-americans-see-a-place-for-anonymous-sources-in-news-stories-but-not-all-the-time\/"},"modified":"2024-04-13T23:44:10","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T04:44:10","slug":"most-americans-see-a-place-for-anonymous-sources-in-news-stories-but-not-all-the-time","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/09\/most-americans-see-a-place-for-anonymous-sources-in-news-stories-but-not-all-the-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Most Americans see a place for anonymous sources in news stories, but not all the time"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-200-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16227\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/09\/most-americans-see-a-place-for-anonymous-sources-in-news-stories-but-not-all-the-time\/ft_2020-10-08_anonymoussources_1-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7dfe0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7dfe0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" height=\"484\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?w=200\" alt=\"Most see a place for anonymous sources in the news, but say they should not be used at will\" class=\"wp-image-16227 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png 400w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?resize=124,300 124w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?resize=200,484 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?resize=260,629 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?resize=310,749 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?resize=132,320 132w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_1.png?resize=265,640 265w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent years there has been renewed interest in the debate over journalists\u2019 use <a href=\"https:\/\/deadline.com\/2020\/09\/the-atlantic-jeffrey-goldberg-donald-trump-cnn-reliable-sources-1234571961\/\">of anonymous sources<\/a>, and this has included criticism <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/administration\/395457-trump-attacks-washington-post-over-anonymous-sources\">directly from President Donald Trump<\/a>. Survey data from earlier this year shows that most Americans see a place for journalists to use anonymous sources, but few think journalists should have carte blanche to use them when reporting the news.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A majority of U.S. adults (82%) say that there are times when it is acceptable for journalists to use anonymous sources, with 67% saying it is acceptable only in special cases \u2013 a view which echoes the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spj.org\/ethics-papers-anonymity.asp\">standards of professional journalism organizations<\/a> that say journalists should take every step to attribute information to a named source when possible before relying on an anonymous source. A much smaller share \u2013 15% \u2013 thinks use of anonymous sources is always acceptable. About two-in-ten Americans (18%) think it is never acceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These findings come from a Pew Research Center survey conducted Feb. 18 to March 2, 2020, around the time that there was <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/administration\/483490-trump-on-anonymous-official-behind-op-ed-book-i-know-who-it-is\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">continued interest and debate<\/a> about the anonymous author who penned a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/05\/opinion\/trump-white-house-anonymous-resistance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2018 New York Times op-ed<\/a> and a subsequent book in 2019 that criticized Trump and who claimed to be an administration official.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible js-react-collapsible is-style-alternate has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To examine Americans\u2019 attitudes of anonymous sources, we surveyed 10,300 U.S. adults between Feb. 18 to March 2, 2020. Everyone who completed the survey is a member of Pew Research Center\u2019s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. Recruiting our panelists by phone or mail ensures that nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. This gives us confidence that any sample can represent the whole population (see our <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2017\/05\/12\/methods-101-random-sampling\/\">Methods 101 explainer<\/a> on random sampling). To further ensure that each survey reflects a balanced cross section of the nation, the data is weighted to match the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/u-s-survey-research\/american-trends-panel\/\">ATP\u2019s methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">See here to read more about&nbsp;the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/AnonymousSources_ATP_W62_Topline_CHECKED_10-2-20.pdf\">questions and responses used<\/a> for this post&nbsp;and the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2020\/08\/31\/trust-in-news-media-methodology\/\">methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Visit our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/pathways-2020\/ANONSOURCE1\/total_us_adults\/us_adults\">interactive data tool<\/a>&nbsp;to access the questions included in this post, as well as other data on Americans\u2019 attitudes toward the news media.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis was made possible by The Pew Charitable Trusts, which received support from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The public\u2019s approval of anonymous sourcing, then, depends heavily on <em>why<\/em> these sources are being used. But news organizations may not be making this entirely clear. Fewer than half of Americans (42%) say that news outlets do very or somewhat well in telling their audiences how they choose or find sources, according to a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2020\/08\/31\/americans-largely-see-news-organizations-as-opaque-particularly-when-it-comes-to-finances\/\">Pew Research Center report<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16231\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/09\/most-americans-see-a-place-for-anonymous-sources-in-news-stories-but-not-all-the-time\/ft_2020-10-08_anonymoussources_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2dedf\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2dedf;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"263\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?w=420\" alt=\"Majorities in both major parties support some use of anonymous sources, but more so among Democrats\" class=\"wp-image-16231 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=300,188 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=768,480 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=648,405 648w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=200,125 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=260,163 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=310,194 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=420,263 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=640,400 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=740,463 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=160,100 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_2.png?resize=320,200 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Democrats are somewhat more likely than Republicans to express support for journalists\u2019 use of anonymous sources, though majorities of both parties think they are acceptable, at least in moderation. Roughly nine-in-ten Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (92%) say that it is acceptable for journalists to use anonymous sources, as do about seven-in-ten Republicans and Republican leaners (71%). But like Americans overall, most in each party say anonymous sources should be used only in special cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While fewer in each party say it is <em>always<\/em> acceptable to rely on anonymous sources, Democrats are about three times as likely as Republicans to say this (22% vs. 8%). The relationship is nearly the inverse for the feeling that anonymous sources should be forbidden. Nearly three-in-ten Republicans (29%) think that it is never acceptable to use anonymous sources \u2013 21 percentage points higher than Democrats who say the same (8%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This divide between the two parties comes as gaps have also emerged in their views of the ethical standards of journalists. A <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2020\/05\/08\/americans-are-more-negative-in-their-broader-views-of-journalists-than-they-are-toward-covid-19-coverage\/\">Pew Research Center study from May<\/a> found that only about one-in-five Republicans (19%) say journalists have either <em>high<\/em> or <em>very high<\/em> ethical standards, far lower than the 64% of Democrats who say the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While most Americans express some support for the use of anonymous sources, a sizable portion of the public also says that journalists\u2019 use of anonymous sources influences whether they trust a news story. This sense is particularly strong among those who think anonymous sources should be forbidden in all cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16236\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/09\/most-americans-see-a-place-for-anonymous-sources-in-news-stories-but-not-all-the-time\/ft_2020-10-08_anonymoussources_3-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ddd6d7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ddd6d7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"413\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?w=420\" alt=\"Many Americans say the use of anonymous sources influences their trust in a news story, particularly those who oppose their use\" class=\"wp-image-16236 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=300,295 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=768,755 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=412,405 412w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=200,197 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=260,256 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=310,305 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=420,413 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=640,629 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=740,728 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=75,75 75w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=160,157 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/FT_2020.10.08_AnonymousSources_3.png?resize=320,315 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nearly seven-in-ten Americans (68%) say that an anonymous source in a story has at least some influence on whether they find that story credible (21% say a great deal of influence and 47% say some influence). About three-in-ten (31%) say it has not too much influence or no influence at all. And while majorities of both Democrats and Republicans say anonymous sources have at least some influence in deciding whether to trust a story, Republicans are much more likely to say it has a great deal of influence: 31% vs. 13%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those who say it is never acceptable to use an anonymous source are roughly three times as likely to say it has a great deal of influence on whether they think a story is credible (49% vs. 15% of those who say it is acceptable in special cases and 14% of those who say always acceptable). Still, majorities of all three groups say that an anonymous source has at least some influence on their trust in a story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a look at this data among a range of demographic groups, see our <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/pathways-2020\/ANONSOURCE1\/total_us_adults\/us_adults\">interactive tool<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Note: Here are the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/AnonymousSources_ATP_W62_Topline_CHECKED_10-2-20.pdf\">questions and responses<\/a> used for this analysis, along with responses, and its <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2020\/08\/31\/trust-in-news-media-methodology\/\"><em>methodology<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A majority (82%) say there are times when it is acceptable for journalists to use anonymous sources, with 67% saying it is acceptable only in special cases.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":340,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2020-10-09T14:20:09Z","apple_news_api_id":"e20d1703-d87b-4a96-990f-1c0cd872f3a7","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2020-10-29T22:54:20Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAg==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/A4g0XA9h7SpaZDxwM2HLzpw","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[342],"bylines":[981,784],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[527],"class_list":["post-9364","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-trust-in-media","bylines-jeffrey-gottfried","bylines-mason-walker","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-journalism"],"label":"Short 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in US say anonymous sources in news are OK only in special cases","description":"A majority (82%) say there are times when it is acceptable for journalists to use anonymous sources, with 67% saying it is acceptable only in special cases.","og_title":"Most Americans see a place for anonymous sources in news stories, but not all the time","og_description":"A majority (82%) say there are times when it is acceptable for journalists to use anonymous sources, with 67% saying it is acceptable only in special cases.","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":[],"custom_schema":[],"twitter_title":"Most Americans see a place for anonymous sources in news stories, but not all the time","twitter_description":"A majority (82%) say there are times when it is acceptable for journalists to use anonymous sources, with 67% saying it is acceptable only in special 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