{"id":9324,"date":"2021-01-15T12:28:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-15T17:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress\/"},"modified":"2024-04-13T23:44:04","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T04:44:04","slug":"a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/15\/a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress\/","title":{"rendered":"A record number of women are serving in the 117th Congress"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16149\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/15\/a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress\/ft_21-01-06_womenincongress_feature-jpg-2\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"452c2b\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #452c2b;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_feature-jpg.webp?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_feature-jpg.webp?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_feature-jpg.webp?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_feature-jpg.webp?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_feature-jpg.webp?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"360\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_feature-jpg.webp?w=640\" alt=\"Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives are sworn in by Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the first session of the 117th Congress on Jan. 3, 2021. (Erin Scott\/POOL\/AFP via Getty Images)\" class=\"wp-image-16149 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives are sworn in by Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the first session of the 117th Congress on Jan. 3, 2021. (Erin Scott\/POOL\/AFP via Getty Images)\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women make up just over a quarter of all members of the 117th Congress \u2013 the highest percentage in U.S. history and a considerable increase from where things stood even a decade ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Related: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/01\/03\/118th-congress-has-a-record-number-of-women\/\">118th Congress has a record number of women<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16105\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/15\/a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress\/ft_21-01-06_womenincongress_1a-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f2f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_1a.png?resize=480,1016 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_1a.png?resize=782,1655 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_1a.png?resize=840,1778 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"889\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_1a.png?w=420\" alt=\"Women make up more than a quarter of the 117th U.S. Congress\u2019 membership\" class=\"wp-image-16105 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Counting both the House of Representatives and the Senate, 144 of 539 seats \u2013 or 27% \u2013 are held by women. That represents a 50% increase from the 96 women who were serving in the 112th Congress a decade ago, though it remains far below the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/LFE046219\">female share of the overall U.S. population<\/a>. A record 120 women are serving in the newly elected House, accounting for 27% of the total. In the Senate, women hold 24 of 100 seats, one fewer than the record number of seats they held in the last Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis counts voting as well as nonvoting members of Congress. Figures for the 117th Congress exclude <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/what-races-have-not-been-called.html\">two House seats<\/a> that were vacant as of early January. It also excludes Sens. Kamala Harris, who is expected to resign her seat ahead of her inauguration as vice president on Jan. 20, and Kelly Loeffler, who lost a runoff election in Georgia earlier this month. Both are set to be replaced by men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible js-react-collapsible is-style-alternate\" data-title=\"How we did this\" data-style=\"is-style-alternate\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis builds on earlier Pew Research Center work to analyze the gender makeup of Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the House, one New York race <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/states\/new-york\/albany\/story\/2021\/01\/04\/a-new-congress-is-in-but-ny-22-vote-counts-are-not-1352303\">has not been called yet<\/a>, and one Louisiana seat is empty because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2021\/01\/03\/luke-letlow-covid-memorial-454121\">the congressman-elect died<\/a> before he could be sworn in. Both seats were vacant when Congress was sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021, so the current number of representatives is 439. This analysis includes nonvoting members.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Independent members of Congress are counted with the party they caucus with.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because Sen. Kamala Harris will ascend to the vice presidency this month, we are not including her in the count of female senators. We are, however, counting her seat as Democrat-held because a Democrat has been named to take her place.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For historical data on Congress, we used data from the <a href=\"https:\/\/bioguide.congress.gov\/\">Biographical Directory<\/a> of the United States Congress, the U.S. House of Representatives Office of the Historian, the Congressional Research Service\u2019s \u201cWomen in the United States Congress, 1917-2014\u201d and CQ Roll Call. For 2020-21 election results, we used data from <a href=\"https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Election_results,_2020:_New_members_elected_to_Congress\">Ballotpedia<\/a> and the Associated Press, as well as news reports.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women make up a much bigger share of congressional Democrats (38%) than Republicans (14%). Across both chambers, there are 106 Democratic women and 38 Republican women in the new Congress. Women account for 40% of House Democrats and 32% of Senate Democrats, compared with 14% of House Republicans and 16% of Senate Republicans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2020 general election sent just one new congresswoman to the Senate, Republican <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/05\/us\/politics\/cynthia-lummis-senate-wyoming.html\">Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming<\/a>, making her the first female senator to represent that state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Republican women made significant gains in the House in the most recent election cycle. Of the 27 newly elected representatives who are women, two-thirds (18) are Republicans. Between the 115th and 116th Congresses, the number of GOP women in the House fell from 25 to 15. That number doubled this year to 30, the highest total ever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">California Rep. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/nancy-pelosi-speaker-house-4c0f19c3-33a1-4e5f-8185-74393aa675ab.html\">Nancy Pelosi<\/a>, a Democrat and the first female speaker of the House, is serving her fourth term as speaker after being reelected earlier this month.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The partisan gender division hasn\u2019t always looked this way. Until the 1929 stock market crash, most of the dozen women elected to the House were Republicans, and for several decades afterward the two parties were generally close in numbers in that chamber. But the gap widened in the 1970s and has persisted, despite a temporary narrowing during the Reagan-Bush 1980s. Of the 232 women elected to the House in 1992 or later, 157 (68%) have been Democrats, as have 27 of the 42 women (64%) who have served in the Senate since 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-history-of-women-in-congress\">The history of women in Congress<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16092\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/15\/a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress\/ft_18-12-11_womenincongress_milestones-png-2\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d2cfce\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d2cfce;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/02\/FT_18.12.11_WomenInCongress_milestones.png?resize=480,1682 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/02\/FT_18.12.11_WomenInCongress_milestones.png?resize=620,2172 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"1086\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/02\/FT_18.12.11_WomenInCongress_milestones.png?w=310\" alt=\"Milestones for women in Congress\" class=\"wp-image-16092 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women have been in Congress for more than a century. The first, Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana, was elected to the House in 1916, two years after her state gave women the vote. But it\u2019s only been in the past few decades that women have served in more substantial numbers. About two-thirds of the women ever elected to the House (232 of 352, including the newest members of the 117th Congress) have been elected in 1992 or later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pattern is similar in the Senate: 42 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/senators\/ListofWomenSenators.htm\">58 women<\/a> who have ever served in the Senate \u2013 including Lummis, the newest female senator \u2013 took office in 1992 or later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 19th Amendment, which <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2020\/07\/07\/a-century-after-women-gained-the-right-to-vote-majority-of-americans-see-work-to-do-on-gender-equality\/\">extended the franchise to women<\/a> across the nation, was ratified in 1920. That November, <a href=\"http:\/\/bioguide.congress.gov\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=R000318\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alice Mary Robertson<\/a> of Oklahoma became the first woman to defeat an incumbent congressman. (She lost the seat back to him two years later.) In 1922, veteran suffragist <a href=\"http:\/\/www.georgiaencyclopedia.org\/articles\/history-archaeology\/rebecca-latimer-felton-1835-1930\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rebecca Latimer Felton<\/a> of Georgia was appointed to fill a vacant Senate seat; when Congress was unexpectedly called back into session, Felton was sworn in as the first-ever female senator, though she only served for a day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While women remained scarce in the Senate well into the 1980s, their numbers gradually, though not consistently, increased in the House \u2013 generally paralleling the expansion of women\u2019s roles in society more broadly. In 1928, seven women were elected to the 71st Congress, a record at the time, and two more joined them later via special election. But that trend plateaued during the Great Depression and World War II. It wasn\u2019t until after the war that the upward trajectory of women in Congress resumed, with 18 women serving in the House in 1961-62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the 1970s saw prominent figures such as Barbara Jordan, Elizabeth Holtzman and Bella Abzug enter Congress, women\u2019s overall numbers didn\u2019t change much until 1981, when their House caucus exceeded 20 members for the first time. The big jump, however, came in 1992 \u2013 later dubbed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2082737?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cThe Year of the Woman\u201d<\/a> \u2013 when four new female senators and 24 new congresswomen were elected. Academics have offered various explanations for why 1992 was such a breakthrough year for women in Congress, including an unusually large number of open seats due to redistricting and backlash from the <a href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,981809,00.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill hearings<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"widow-s-succession-in-congress\">\u2018Widow\u2019s succession\u2019 in Congress<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well into the 1970s, one of the most common ways for a woman to enter Congress was by <a href=\"https:\/\/history.house.gov\/Exhibitions-and-Publications\/WIC\/Historical-Data\/Familial-Connections-of-Women-Members-of-Congress\/\">succeeding her deceased husband<\/a> or father, either by election or appointment. Of the 90 women who served in the House between 1916 and 1980, 31 were initially elected to their husband\u2019s seat after he died; three were chosen to replace their husbands on the ballot when the men died before Election Day; and one, Winnifred Mason Huck of Illinois, was elected in 1922 to fill the last four months of her late father\u2019s term. (Another early congresswoman, <a href=\"http:\/\/history.house.gov\/People\/Detail\/16680?ret=True\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Katherine Gudger Langley<\/a> of Kentucky, won her husband\u2019s seat in 1926 after he resigned following his conviction for violating Prohibition laws.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-16097\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/15\/a-record-number-of-women-are-serving-in-the-117th-congress\/ft_21-01-06_womenincongress_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f3f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f3f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_2.png?resize=480,230 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_2.png?resize=782,375 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_2.png?resize=960,461 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_2.png?resize=1200,576 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_2.png?resize=1280,614 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"307\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/01\/FT_21.01.06_WomenInCongress_2.png?w=640\" alt=\"\u2018Widow\u2019s succession\u2019 less common than it used to be\" class=\"wp-image-16097 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like Langley, most of the holders of these so-called \u201cwidow\u2019s succession\u201d seats stayed in Congress for only a term or two. But some went on to distinguished careers on Capitol Hill. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mcslibrary.org\/bio\/\">Margaret Chase Smith<\/a> of Maine, for instance, won a special election in 1940 to fill the last seven months of her husband\u2019s term. Smith went on to win four full House terms on her own, then was elected to four terms in the Senate, thereby becoming the first woman to serve in both chambers. <a href=\"http:\/\/docsouth.unc.edu\/sohp\/A-0082\/menu.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lindy Boggs<\/a>, who was elected to her husband\u2019s seat in 1973 after he was presumed killed in a plane crash, served nearly 18 years. She later was named U.S. ambassador to the Holy See.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six of the 14 women who served in the Senate before 1980 were either elected or appointed to fill their late husbands\u2019 seats. Of those, only two (<a href=\"http:\/\/history.house.gov\/People\/Detail\/44589?ret=True\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hattie Caraway<\/a> of Arkansas and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonencyclopedia.org\/articles\/neuberger_maurine_1907_2000_\/#.VKMmYSvF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maurine Brown Neuberger<\/a> of Oregon) subsequently won full terms in their own right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Note: This is an update of a post originally published Dec. 18, 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women make up just over a quarter of all members of the 117th Congress \u2013 the highest percentage in U.S. 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