{"id":8770,"date":"2022-03-25T15:00:14","date_gmt":"2022-03-25T20:00:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:56:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:56:02","slug":"after-a-month-of-war-ukrainian-refugee-crisis-ranks-among-the-worlds-worst-in-recent-history","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/03\/25\/after-a-month-of-war-ukrainian-refugee-crisis-ranks-among-the-worlds-worst-in-recent-history\/","title":{"rendered":"After a month of war, Ukrainian refugee crisis ranks among the world\u2019s worst in recent history"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_feature.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"Crowds of refugees from Mariupol, Ukraine, make their way out of the Lviv train station on March 24.\" class=\"wp-image-407897\" \/><figcaption>Crowds of refugees from Mariupol, Ukraine, make their way out of the Lviv train station on March 24. (Ty O&#8217;Neil\/SOPA Images\/LightRocket via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine has created one of the biggest refugee crises of modern times. A month into the war, more than <a href=\"https:\/\/data2.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/ukraine\">3.7 million Ukrainians<\/a> have fled to neighboring countries \u2013 the sixth-largest refugee outflow over the past 60-plus years, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of United Nations data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are now almost as many Ukrainian refugees as there were Afghan refugees fleeing the (first) Taliban regime in 2001, according to figures compiled by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refugee-statistics-uat\/download\/?url=3HMho5\">UN High Commissioner for Refugees<\/a> (UNHCR). They represent about 9.1% of Ukraine\u2019s pre-invasion population of about 41.1 million \u2013 ranking the current crisis 16th among 28 major refugee crises by share of population. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-13314\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/03\/25\/after-a-month-of-war-ukrainian-refugee-crisis-ranks-among-the-worlds-worst-in-recent-history\/ft_22-03-24_ukrainerefugees_1a-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0f0ef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0f0ef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_1a.png?resize=480,561 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_1a.png?resize=782,914 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_1a.png?resize=960,1122 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_1a.png?resize=1200,1403 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_1a.png?resize=1280,1496 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"748\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_1a.png?w=640\" alt=\"A table showing the 10 largest refugee crises in recent times, by number and population share\" class=\"wp-image-13314 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Center examined all cases in the UNHCR\u2019s database since 1960 where there were at least 500,000 refugees and similarly displaced people from a given country in a given year. The analysis doesn\u2019t include \u201cinternally displaced persons\u201d \u2013 those who have fled or been forced from their usual homes but haven\u2019t yet crossed an international border. (Earlier this week, UNHCR head Filippo Grandi estimated that, all told, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2022\/03\/21\/russia-ukraine-refugees-displaced-war-un-numbers\/\">10 million Ukrainians<\/a> \u2013 nearly a quarter of the population \u2013 had been displaced either internally or externally by the war.)<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This post aims to put the massive outflow of Ukrainians fleeing the invasion of their country by Russian forces in the context of other major refugee crises in recent decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The terminology surrounding refugees and other displaced people can be confusing, not to mention counterintuitive. The definition of \u201crefugee\u201d in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/8\/1101#a_42\">U.S. law<\/a> mirrors that in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/en-us\/3b66c2aa10\">1951 United Nations convention<\/a> that governs international treatment of refugees. The convention defines a refugee as someone who is outside the country of his or her nationality and is unable (or unwilling) to return to it, or avail himself or herself of its protection, due to a \u201cwell-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whether or not someone qualifies as a refugee typically is determined by either the country they\u2019ve fled to or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Until that determination is made, a displaced person asking for international protection is termed an \u201casylum seeker.\u201d We included asylum seekers in our refugee counts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Venezuela, we also included a special UNHCR category called \u201cVenezuelans displaced abroad\u201d \u2013 essentially, people who have fled Venezuela\u2019s political and economic turmoil and who have either found some means other than acquiring refugee status to legally remain in another country, or who are living in another country without legal permission or formal protection and haven\u2019t applied for refugee status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because we chose to focus on refugees and others who have fled their home countries, we did not include \u201cinternally displaced persons\u201d in our analysis. These are people who have been forced to flee their usual place of residence due to \u201carmed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters\u201d but who have not crossed any international borders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our main source for counts of refugees, asylum seekers and similar groups was the UNHCR\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refugee-statistics-uat\/download\/?url=3HMho5\">\u201cRefugee Data Finder\u201d<\/a> application, which generally has country-specific data from the 1960s to the present. The agency also has a webpage specifically about the <a href=\"https:\/\/data2.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/ukraine\">crisis in Ukraine<\/a>, from which we drew the count of refugees from that country. The estimated population of Ukraine on Feb. 1 (excluding Crimea, which was illegally annexed by Russia in 2014) was 41,130,432, according to the country\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/database.ukrcensus.gov.ua\/PXWEB2007\/eng\/news\/op_popul_e.asp\">census agency<\/a>. Historical population estimates for other countries came from the UN\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wup\/DataQuery\/\">Department of Economic and Social Affairs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For each country in the UNHCR\u2019s database, we identified years in which there were at least 500,000 refugees and asylum seekers from that country. Since in most cases those years were part of longer wars or other crises, we grouped them into 28 distinct refugee-creating events. For each multiyear event, we took the year in which there were the most refugees and asylum seekers, then divided that figure by the country\u2019s total population for that year.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Syria\u2019s civil war, which began in 2011, has created more refugees than any other crisis since the early 1960s, when UNHCR began keeping data on individual countries. Nearly 6.9 million Syrians \u2013 about a third of the country\u2019s prewar population \u2013 are living as refugees or asylum-seekers outside their home country, with almost 3.7 million now in Turkey. An additional 6.8 million Syrians have been displaced from their homes but are living elsewhere in the country \u2013 meaning the civil war has uprooted about two-thirds of Syria\u2019s entire population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Afghanistan, which has been at war either with itself or with outside forces for more than four decades, has had more than 2 million refugees every year since 1981. The peak year was 1990, after Soviet troops had withdrawn from the country and the USSR-backed government was battling to hang onto power against a coalition of mujahedeen groups. That year, more than half the country\u2019s total estimated population \u2013 6.3 million people \u2013 were listed as refugees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Venezuela has also seen massive population outflows over the past several years as the country\u2019s economy has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/venezuela-crisis\">all but collapsed<\/a>, its government has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/venezuela-uses-judicial-system-suppress-dissent-un-investigators-say-2021-09-16\/\">cracked down on dissent<\/a>, and opposition <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/1\/11\/out-of-options-venezuela-opposition-struggles-to-unseat-maduro\">efforts to unseat President Nicolas Maduro\u2019s government<\/a> have stalled. According to the UNHCR, more than 5 million Venezuelans are refugees in other countries, are seeking asylum, or have been otherwise displaced abroad \u2013 all told, about 15% of the current estimated population.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>More than 3.7 million Ukrainians have fled to neighboring countries \u2013 the sixth-largest refugee outflow over the past 60-plus years.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":145,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[{"key":"_jfk57jenk","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/03\/30\/zelenskyy-inspires-widespread-confidence-from-u-s-public-as-views-of-putin-hit-new-low\/","postId":408054,"title":"Zelenskyy inspires widespread confidence from U.S. public as views of Putin hit new low","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/03\/30\/zelenskyy-inspires-widespread-confidence-from-u-s-public-as-views-of-putin-hit-new-low\/","date":"2022-03-30 11:58:05","label":"Short Read"},{"key":"_ve2ur02ty","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/03\/15\/public-expresses-mixed-views-of-u-s-response-to-russias-invasion-of-ukraine\/","postId":407441,"title":"Public Expresses Mixed Views of U.S. Response to Russia\u2019s Invasion of Ukraine","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/03\/15\/public-expresses-mixed-views-of-u-s-response-to-russias-invasion-of-ukraine\/","date":"2022-03-15 13:57:44","label":"Report"},{"key":"_y1ti82w33","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/01\/26\/republicans-and-democrats-alike-view-russia-more-as-a-competitor-than-an-enemy-of-the-u-s\/","postId":405220,"title":"Republicans and Democrats alike view Russia more as a competitor than an enemy of the U.S. \u00a0","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/01\/26\/republicans-and-democrats-alike-view-russia-more-as-a-competitor-than-an-enemy-of-the-u-s\/","date":"2022-01-26 16:00:12","label":"Short Read"}],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[{"key":"_x7hp7pzqm","termId":842}],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[136,428],"bylines":[842],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[516,504,514,513,510,505,508],"research-teams":[],"class_list":["post-8770","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-refugees-asylum-seekers","category-war-international-conflict-2","bylines-drew-desilver","formats-short-read","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-germany","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-latin-america","regions-countries-middle-east-north-africa","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-russia"],"label":"Short Read","post_parent":0,"word_count":922,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/03\/25\/after-a-month-of-war-ukrainian-refugee-crisis-ranks-among-the-worlds-worst-in-recent-history\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":13338,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_feature-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/FT_22.03.24_UkraineRefugees_feature-jpg.webp?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"Crowds of refugees from Mariupol, Ukraine, make their way out of the Lviv train station on March 24. 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