{"id":8605,"date":"2021-11-04T14:30:32","date_gmt":"2021-11-04T19:30:32","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:56:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:56:26","slug":"amid-the-pandemic-a-rising-share-of-older-u-s-adults-are-now-retired","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/11\/04\/amid-the-pandemic-a-rising-share-of-older-u-s-adults-are-now-retired\/","title":{"rendered":"Amid the pandemic, a rising share of older U.S. adults are now retired"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-640-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/FT_21.11.04_Retire_Feature-imagejpg.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"An older couple walking on a paved nature trail.\" class=\"wp-image-402534\" \/><figcaption>(Francis Dean\/Corbis via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As employers contend with growing numbers of younger employees quitting in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/whats-driving-americas-workers-to-leave-jobs-in-record-numbers-11634312414?mod=Searchresults_pos8&amp;page=1\">the great resignation<\/a>, the COVID-19 recession and gradual labor market recovery has also been accompanied by an increase in retirement among adults ages 55 and older.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-12391\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/11\/04\/amid-the-pandemic-a-rising-share-of-older-u-s-adults-are-now-retired\/ft_2021-11-04_retirement_01a-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2e8e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2e8e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" height=\"420\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?w=310\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that half of older U.S. adults are now retired\" class=\"wp-image-12391 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=221,300 221w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=299,405 299w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=200,271 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=260,352 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=310,420 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=420,569 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=160,217 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_01a.png?resize=320,434 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As of the third quarter of 2021, 50.3% of U.S. adults 55 and older said they were out of the labor force due to retirement, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the most recent official labor force data. In the third quarter of 2019, before the onset of the pandemic, 48.1% of those adults were retired. In regard to specific age groups, in the third quarter of 2021 66.9% of 65- to 74-year-olds were retired, compared with 64.0% in the same quarter of 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The leading edge of the Baby Boomer generation reached age 62 (the age at which workers can claim Social Security) in 2008. Between 2008 and 2019, the retired population ages 55 and older grew by about 1 million retirees per year. In the past two years, the ranks of retirees 55 and older have grown by 3.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The COVID-19 recession caused millions of Americans to <a href=\"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/CLF16OV\">leave the labor force<\/a>, including many <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/11\/09\/the-pace-of-boomer-retirements-has-accelerated-in-the-past-year\/\">older workers<\/a>. The recovery began in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/research\/data\/us-business-cycle-expansions-and-contractions\">April 2020<\/a>, and labor markets have tightened. Retirement is not necessarily permanent, as some retired adults may subsequently reenter the labor market. The track of the retirement rate sheds some light on how durable or long-lasting the employment disruptions are proving to be among older adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The share of retired U.S. adults is derived from the monthly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cps\/cps_over.htm\">Current Population Survey<\/a> (CPS), conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPS is the nation\u2019s premier labor force survey and is the basis for the monthly national unemployment rate released on the first Friday of each month. The CPS is based on a sample survey of about <a href=\"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/articles\/journal-of-economic-and-social-measurement\/jem00388\">70,000 households<\/a>. The estimates are not seasonally adjusted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cRetired\u201d in this analysis is based on labor force status. Those who cite \u201cretired\u201d as the reason for not being in the labor force (neither employed nor seeking work) constitute the retired population. This is a moment-in-time measure, and increases reflect the net change of adults moving both into and out of \u201cretirement\u201d due to changes in labor force participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The CPS microdata files analyzed were provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/cps.ipums.org\/cps\/index.shtml\">IPUMS at the University of Minnesota<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The COVID-19 outbreak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/covid19\/home.htm\">has affected data collection<\/a> efforts by the U.S. government in its surveys, especially limiting in-person data collection. This resulted in about an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/covid19\/employment-situation-covid19-faq-september-2021.htm\">8 percentage point <\/a>decrease in the response rate for the CPS in September 2021. It is possible that some measures of retirement and labor market activity and its demographic composition are affected by these changes in data collection.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The large impact of the COVID-19 recession \u2013 February 2020 to April 2020 \u2013 on retirement differs from recent recessions and marks a significant change in a long-standing historical trend toward declining or steady retirement rates among older adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the Great Recession and its aftermath, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Fall2014BPEA_Aaronson_et_al.pdf\">retirement rates declined<\/a>. By the third quarter of 2010, 48% of adults ages 55 and older were retired, down from 50% in the same quarter of 2007. The prior recessions did not disrupt the longer-running trend of rising labor force participation and declining retirement among older Americans that began around 1997. Gradually declining retirement reflected in part rising education levels among older Americans as well as gains in their health. In addition, there were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/mlr\/2021\/article\/projections-overview-and-highlights-2020-30.htm\">policy changes<\/a> in Social Security that may have impacted retirement decisions. (For example, in 2000 the earnings test on benefit claimants was no longer applied to those who had reached full retirement age.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-12383\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/11\/04\/amid-the-pandemic-a-rising-share-of-older-u-s-adults-are-now-retired\/ft_2021-11-04_retirement_02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"486\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?w=420\" alt=\"A line graph showing that unlike in other recent recessions, the pandemic has increased retirement among older adults\" class=\"wp-image-12383 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=259,300 259w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=768,889 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=350,405 350w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=200,231 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=260,301 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=310,359 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=420,486 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=640,741 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=740,856 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=160,185 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_02.png?resize=320,370 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The financial context in which older adults are making retirement decisions during the pandemic is markedly different from the Great Recession. During that period \u2013 December 2007 to June 2009 \u2013 there was a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/07\/26\/chapter-1-the-macroeconomic-context\/\">steep decline<\/a> in the value of financial assets as well as home prices. The resulting loss of wealth induced some older workers to remain in the labor force and <a href=\"https:\/\/crr.bc.edu\/working-papers\/recessions-wealth-destruction-and-the-timing-of-retirement\/\">postpone retirement<\/a>. In contrast, household wealth has been rising since the onset of the pandemic. House prices have been rising in most markets. The stock market did have a sharp sell-off in March 2020 but reached new record highs by August 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The retirement uptick among older Americans is important because, until the pandemic arrived, adults ages 55 and older were the only working age population since 2000 to increase their labor force participation. Labor force participation for the entire working age population declined from an annual average of 67% in 2000 to 63% in 2019. This partly reflects a steep drop in participation among 16- to 24-year-olds (66% to 56%) as young people increasingly pursued schooling rather than employment. Participation has also been declining this century among the \u201cprime working age\u201d population, those ages 25 to 54. The overall decline in labor force participation would have been larger if adults 55 and older had not increased their labor force participation (from 32% in 2000 to 40% in 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is unclear whether the pandemic-induced increase in retirement among older adults will be temporary or longer lasting. Newly published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/mlr\/2021\/article\/projections-overview-and-highlights-2020-30.htm\">labor force projections<\/a> from the Bureau of Labor Statistics suggest it will be temporary. BLS projects large increases in labor force participation among older adults from 2020 to 2030, with nearly 40% of 65- to 69-year-olds being in the labor force by 2030, up from 33% in 2020. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-12386\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/11\/04\/amid-the-pandemic-a-rising-share-of-older-u-s-adults-are-now-retired\/ft_2021-11-04_retirement_03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f3f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f3f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"704\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?w=420\" alt=\"A chart showing that the recent increase in retirement is most prominent among older White adults and college graduates\" class=\"wp-image-12386 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=179,300 179w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=768,1287 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=611,1024 611w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=242,405 242w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=200,335 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=260,436 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=310,520 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=420,704 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=640,1073 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=740,1240 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=160,268 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/11\/ft_2021.11.04_retirement_03.png?resize=320,536 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The recent retirement spike has not been uniform across demographic groups. The share of older White adults who are retired increased 3 percentage points from Q3 of 2019 to Q3 of 2021. The retirement rate of older Black adults did not significantly increase. The retirement rate of U.S.-born adults ages 55 and older rose 3 points from 2019 to 2021, while the rate for their foreign-born peers was unchanged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Retirement among those 55 and older who have completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree rose 3 percentage points over this period. Among older adults who have a high school diploma or less the rate increased 1 point. The retirement rate increased for older adults living in metropolitan areas (2 points) and&nbsp;also increased for older adults in rural areas (1 point).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As of the third quarter of 2021, 50.3% of U.S. adults 55 and older said they were out of the labor force due to retirement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":584,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2021-11-04T19:26:03Z","apple_news_api_id":"e1636dc4-75fa-4457-96f1-6ff4ce48e325","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2021-11-04T19:26:04Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/A4WNtxHX6RFeW8W_0zkjjJQ","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[413,207,253],"bylines":[984],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[499,507,506,516,504,514,501,513,502,509,510,505,512,500,508,503,511,496,515],"research-teams":[519],"class_list":["post-8605","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-covid-19-the-economy","category-older-adults-aging","category-retirement","bylines-richard-fry","formats-short-read","regions-countries-afghanistan","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-china","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-germany","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-iran","regions-countries-latin-america","regions-countries-metro-level-data","regions-countries-mexico","regions-countries-middle-east-north-africa","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-north-america","regions-countries-north-korea","regions-countries-russia","regions-countries-state-level-data","regions-countries-sub-saharan-africa","regions-countries-syria","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-social-trends"],"label":"Short 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