{"id":8550,"date":"2022-02-07T16:00:33","date_gmt":"2022-02-07T21:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/up-until-the-postwar-era-u-s-supreme-court-confirmations-usually-were-routine-business\/"},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:56:11","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:56:11","slug":"up-until-the-postwar-era-u-s-supreme-court-confirmations-usually-were-routine-business","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/02\/07\/up-until-the-postwar-era-u-s-supreme-court-confirmations-usually-were-routine-business\/","title":{"rendered":"Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_feature.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"Justice Amy Coney Barrett testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee on Oct. 14, 2020, during her Supreme Court confirmation hearing on Capitol Hill.\" class=\"wp-image-405963\" \/><figcaption>Justice Amy Coney Barrett testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee on Oct. 14, 2020, during her Supreme Court confirmation hearing on Capitol Hill. (Patrick Semansky\/Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Democrats and Republicans gear up for what seems an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2022\/01\/27\/supreme-court-senate-republicans\/\">inevitable fight<\/a> over President Joe Biden\u2019s forthcoming pick to replace <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/01\/27\/us\/politics\/biden-breyer-retire.html\">retiring Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer<\/a>, it\u2019s worth remembering that vacancies on the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/02\/02\/publics-views-of-supreme-court-turned-more-negative-before-news-of-breyers-retirement\/\">high court<\/a> didn\u2019t always devolve into partisan slugfests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consider, for example, the case of <a href=\"https:\/\/library.cqpress.com\/scc\/document.php?id=bioenc-427-18170-979652&amp;v=6eb37150a3b811fe\">Edward Douglass White<\/a>, who may have had the easiest ride in the court\u2019s 233-year history. On Feb. 19, 1894, President Grover Cleveland nominated White, then a senator from Louisiana, as an associate justice after the Senate had rejected his first two picks. The Senate confirmed White later that day on a voice vote (\u201cAll those in favor say \u2018Aye!\u2019\u201d). Sixteen years later, on Dec. 12, 1910, President William Howard Taft tapped White to be the new chief justice; again he was confirmed that same day, and again on a voice vote. (\u201cAll opposed say \u2018Nay.\u2019 The Ayes appear to have it!\u201d) All told, White served on the court for more than 27 years, with nary a peep of opposition.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After Justice Stephen Breyer announced that he would retire at the end of the Supreme Court\u2019s current term, we decided to extend some of our previous work on the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2016\/02\/26\/long-supreme-court-vacancies-used-to-be-more-common\/\">history of nominations<\/a> to the high court, this time focusing on how long it took to get nominees confirmed and how close the votes were.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The primary source for this Pew Research Center analysis was the U.S. Senate\u2019s webpage on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/legislative\/nominations\/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm\">Supreme Court nominations<\/a>. We also consulted <a href=\"https:\/\/library.cqpress.com\/scc\/\">CQ Press<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/supremecourthistory.org\/\">Supreme Court Historical Society<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/about\/members_text.aspx\">court itself<\/a> to supplement and cross-check the information on the Senate page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When calculating the time between nomination and confirmation, we opted to follow the Senate\u2019s practice of dating nominations from the date of the president\u2019s official nominating letter to the Senate, and confirmations from the date of the final Senate vote on the nominations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In several cases, a president named someone to the court temporarily via a recess appointment, and subsequently formally nominated them for a permanent position. The only such appointee to <em>not <\/em>be confirmed was former Justice John Rutledge, who had been off the court for a few years when President George Washington appointed him chief justice. Rutledge began serving in that role in July 1795, but resigned after the Senate rejected his nomination for the permanent job that December.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While 115 individuals have served on the court, our charts show 119 confirmations. That\u2019s because four men were confirmed twice \u2013 first as associate justices, and then again when they were elevated to chief justice.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-12825\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/02\/07\/up-until-the-postwar-era-u-s-supreme-court-confirmations-usually-were-routine-business\/ft_22-01-31_scotus_1-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0efed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0efed;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_1.png?resize=480,753 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_1.png?resize=620,972 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"486\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_1.png?w=310\" alt=\"A bar chart showing how long it takes to confirm a Supreme Court justice; sometimes, it takes no time at all\" class=\"wp-image-12825 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From 1789 to 1941, six other justices besides White were confirmed on the same day they were formally nominated. In fact, of the 115 people who\u2019ve served on the court throughout its history, more than half (61) were confirmed within 10 days of their nominations. The most recent of those, Byron R. White, joined the court nearly 60 years ago, following an undramatic eight-day confirmation process that ended in \u2013 you guessed it \u2013 a voice vote. (In case you were wondering, he wasn\u2019t related to the previously mentioned Chief Justice White.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For most of the court\u2019s 233-year history, confirmation processes like those \u2013 fast and uncontroversial \u2013 were more the norm than the exception. In fact, it wasn\u2019t until the 1916 appointment of Louis D. Brandeis that the Senate Judiciary Committee even held public hearings on a nominee, allowing witnesses to argue for and against Brandeis\u2019 confirmation. At the time, the widespread public attention Brandeis\u2019 nomination attracted and the bitter battles over it made it an exception to the generally placid process of replacing Supreme Court justices, though in hindsight it looks more like an early version of controversies to come.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brandeis, the first Jewish justice, was controversial because of his legal activism in support of workers\u2019 rights and social reform movements, and in opposition to banks, railroads, insurers and big business generally. After 125 days \u2013 still the record for a confirmation battle \u2013 Brandeis was confirmed on a 47-22 vote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But as noted, Brandeis\u2019 confirmation was an exception. From the birth of the republic up to the early 1950s, the average span between nomination and confirmation was 13.2 days. But from Earl Warren in 1954 to Amy Coney Barrett in 2020, the time from nomination to confirmation has averaged 54.4 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-12831\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/02\/07\/up-until-the-postwar-era-u-s-supreme-court-confirmations-usually-were-routine-business\/ft_22-01-31_scotus_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f6f5f5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f6f5f5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_2.png?resize=480,490 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_2.png?resize=782,798 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_2.png?resize=960,980 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_2.png?resize=1200,1224 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_2.png?resize=1280,1306 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"1024\" width=\"1004\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/02\/FT_22.01.31_SCOTUS_2.png?w=1004\" alt=\"A chart showing that Supreme Court justice confirmations generally take longer than they used to\" class=\"wp-image-12831 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the end, though, Warren still was confirmed on a voice vote (after 49 days). The modern era of contentious Supreme Court confirmations really dates to the late 1960s. Between 1789 and 1965, presidents made 130 nominations to the court, including some men (and they were all men at this point) who were nominated multiple times and a few cases of associate justices nominated to be chief justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of those, 68 were confirmed on voice votes and served on the court, and 27 others were confirmed by comfortable margins. Only three justices were confirmed with a margin of fewer than 10 votes. (Another eight nominees were confirmed but never served on the court: Seven declined their appointments, and one died before he could take office.) The Senate rejected nine nominations, and 15 others either failed due to Senate inaction or were withdrawn, for an overall failure rate of 18.5%. (One man, Reuben Walworth, was nominated three separate times in 1844, but the Senate never acted on him.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 1965, there have been 28 Supreme Court nominations, a quarter of which (seven) have failed. Three nominees (Clement Haynesworth, G. Harrold Carswell and Robert Bork) were rejected by the Senate, three others had their nominations withdrawn due to Senate opposition, and the Senate refused to act on one (Merrick Garland).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the 21 successful nominees, four were confirmed by a margin of fewer than 10 votes; the other 17 were confirmed by more comfortable margins.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s worth remembering that vacancies on the Supreme Court didn\u2019t always devolve into partisan slugfests.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":145,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2022-02-07T21:55:07Z","apple_news_api_id":"8d7528d2-f330-4d54-b4f1-459b4e9a0050","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2022-02-07T21:55:07Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AjXUo0vMwTVS08UWbTpoAUA","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[{"key":"_gpbeu3wc4","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/02\/02\/publics-views-of-supreme-court-turned-more-negative-before-news-of-breyers-retirement\/","postId":405645,"title":"Public\u2019s Views of Supreme Court Turned More Negative Before News of Breyer\u2019s Retirement","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/02\/02\/publics-views-of-supreme-court-turned-more-negative-before-news-of-breyers-retirement\/","date":"2022-02-02 13:56:43","label":"Report"},{"key":"_5dqvd6dyq","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/02\/02\/black-women-account-for-a-small-fraction-of-the-federal-judges-who-have-served-to-date\/","postId":405664,"title":"Black women account for a small fraction of the federal judges who have served to date","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/02\/02\/black-women-account-for-a-small-fraction-of-the-federal-judges-who-have-served-to-date\/","date":"2022-02-02 13:58:30","label":"Short Read"},{"key":"_s365kpti4","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/13\/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges\/","postId":369770,"title":"How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/13\/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges\/","date":"2021-01-13 10:58:00","label":"Short Read"},{"key":"_ywjk586xx","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/09\/25\/before-ginsburgs-death-a-majority-of-americans-viewed-the-supreme-court-as-middle-of-the-road\/","postId":376404,"title":"Before Ginsburg\u2019s death, a majority of Americans viewed the Supreme Court as \u2018middle of the road\u2019","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/09\/25\/before-ginsburgs-death-a-majority-of-americans-viewed-the-supreme-court-as-middle-of-the-road\/","date":"2020-09-25 09:00:12","label":"Short Read"}],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[78],"bylines":[842],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-8550","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-supreme-court","bylines-drew-desilver","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states"],"label":"Short 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(Patrick Semansky-Pool\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[],"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Most Supreme Court confirmations were fairly routine until postwar era","description":"It\u2019s worth remembering that vacancies on the Supreme Court didn\u2019t always devolve into partisan slugfests.","og_title":"Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business","og_description":"It\u2019s worth remembering that vacancies on the Supreme Court didn\u2019t always devolve into partisan slugfests.","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":{"regions-countries":10822328},"custom_schema":[],"twitter_title":"Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business","twitter_description":"It\u2019s worth remembering that vacancies on the Supreme Court didn\u2019t always devolve into partisan slugfests.","og_image":12865,"indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{},"apple_news_notices":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[{"date":"2022-02-02 13:56:43","key":"_gpbeu3wc4","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/02\/02\/publics-views-of-supreme-court-turned-more-negative-before-news-of-breyers-retirement\/","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/02\/02\/publics-views-of-supreme-court-turned-more-negative-before-news-of-breyers-retirement\/","postId":405645,"title":"Public\u2019s Views of Supreme Court Turned More Negative Before News of Breyer\u2019s Retirement","label":"Report"},{"date":"2022-02-02 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