{"id":8167,"date":"2022-12-08T13:58:44","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T18:58:44","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:55:22","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:55:22","slug":"about-four-in-ten-u-s-adults-believe-humanity-is-living-in-the-end-times","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/12\/08\/about-four-in-ten-u-s-adults-believe-humanity-is-living-in-the-end-times\/","title":{"rendered":"About four-in-ten U.S. adults believe humanity is \u2018living in the end times\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_featured.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-420169\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">(Mike Kemp\/In Pictures via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Periods of catastrophe and anxiety, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7598223\/\">coronavirus pandemic<\/a>, have historically led some people to anticipate that the destruction of the world as we know it \u2013 the \u201cend times\u201d \u2013 is near. This thinking often has a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/02\/us\/coronavirus-apocalypse-religion.html\">religious component<\/a> that draws on sacred scripture. In Christianity, for example, these beliefs include expectations that Jesus will return to Earth after or amid a time of great turmoil.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Pew Research Center analysis was conducted as <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/11\/17\/how-religion-intersects-with-americans-views-on-the-environment\/\">part of a wider study<\/a> that explores the relationship between Americans\u2019 religious beliefs and their views about the environment. Questions about the end times were asked in order to help assess whether end-times beliefs were a factor in people\u2019s responses about the environment. The questions analyzed here come from a survey of 10,156 U.S. adults that was conducted April 11-17, 2022. All respondents to the survey are part of Pew Research Center\u2019s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education, religious affiliation and other categories. For more, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/u-s-survey-research\/american-trends-panel\/\">ATP\u2019s methodology<\/a>.<br><br>Here are <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/11\/PF_2022.11.17_religion-climate_TOPLINE.pdf\">the questions used<\/a> for this analysis, along with responses, and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/11\/17\/climate-religion-methodology\/\">its methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-10966\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/12\/08\/about-four-in-ten-u-s-adults-believe-humanity-is-living-in-the-end-times\/ft_22-12-08_endtimes_01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6e8e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6e8e3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_01.png?resize=480,1409 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_01.png?resize=620,1820 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"910\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_01.png?w=310\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that U.S. Protestants in evangelical and historically Black traditions are especially likely to believe humanity is \u2018living in the end times\u2019\" class=\"wp-image-10966 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the United States, 39% of adults say they believe \u201cwe are living in the end times,\u201d while 58% say they do <em>not<\/em> believe we are living in the end times, according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/11\/17\/how-religion-intersects-with-americans-views-on-the-environment\/\">recent Pew Research Center survey<\/a>.<br><br>Christians are divided on this question, with 47% saying we are living in the end times, including majorities in the historically Black (76%) and evangelical (63%) Protestant traditions. Meanwhile, 49% of Christians say we are <em>not<\/em> living in the end times, including 70% of Catholics and 65% of mainline Protestants who say this. Viewed more broadly, the share of Protestants who say we are living in the end times is greater than the corresponding share among Catholics (55% vs. 27%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About three-in-ten or fewer people from non-Christian religions (29%) and those with no religious affiliation (23%) say we are living in the end times. (Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and other smaller non-Christian religious groups are included in the survey and represented in the \u201cother religions\u201d category, but there were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/08\/08\/why-pew-research-center-typically-cant-report-the-views-of-smaller-u-s-religious-groups\/\">not enough respondents in these groups<\/a>&nbsp;to analyze separately.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, Black Americans (68%) are much more likely than Hispanic (41%), White (34%) and Asian (33%) Americans to believe humanity is living in the end times. And adults in Southern states (48%) are more likely to say this than those living in the Midwest (37%), Northeast (34%) or West (31%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Americans without college degrees are more likely than college graduates to believe humanity is approaching its end, as are Americans with lower income levels when compared with those with higher incomes. And Republicans and Republican-leaning independents are more likely than Democrats and Democratic leaners to express this belief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center asked Americans about the end times as part of a wider <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/11\/17\/how-religion-intersects-with-americans-views-on-the-environment\/\">survey about religion and the environment<\/a>, partly to assess whether views about the end times are related to views on the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"views-about-jesus-return-to-earth\"><strong>Views about Jesus\u2019 return to Earth<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey also explored Americans\u2019 views about a core tenet of Christianity:&nbsp;the belief that&nbsp;Jesus&nbsp;will&nbsp;eventually&nbsp;return to Earth,&nbsp;in what is often called the \u201csecond coming.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-10967\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/12\/08\/about-four-in-ten-u-s-adults-believe-humanity-is-living-in-the-end-times\/ft_22-12-08_endtimes_02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d2dfdf\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d2dfdf;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_02.png?resize=480,1350 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_02.png?resize=620,1744 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"872\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_02.png?w=310\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that a slight majority of Americans believe Jesus will return to Earth one day\" class=\"wp-image-10967 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When asked if Jesus \u201cwill return to Earth someday,\u201d more than half of all U.S. adults (55%), including three-quarters of Christians, say this will happen. Protestants in the evangelical (92%) and historically Black (86%) traditions are more likely than other Christians to say there will eventually be a second coming of Jesus. Roughly four-in-ten Americans either do not believe Jesus will return to Earth (25%) or say they do not believe in Jesus (16%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Respondents who said they believe Jesus will return to Earth were also asked how certain they are that this will happen <em>during their lifetime<\/em>. One-in-ten Americans say they believe the second coming of Jesus will definitely or probably occur during their lifetime, 27% are not sure if Jesus will return in their lifetime, and 19% say the return of Jesus will definitely or probably <em>not<\/em> occur during their lifetime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proportion of Americans who say they believe Jesus will definitely or probably return during their lifetime is higher among Protestants in the historically Black tradition (22%) and evangelical Protestants (21%), and lower among Catholics (7%) and mainline Protestants (6%). And the share of Black (19%) and Hispanic (14%) Americans who believe that the second coming of Jesus will likely occur during their lifetime is greater than the corresponding share of White, non-Hispanic Americans (8%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That said, in all religious groups, people are more likely to express uncertainty over the timing of Jesus&#8217; return than to express the sense that it will happen in their lifetime. For example, about seven-in-ten evangelicals say either that they are not sure Jesus will return during their lifetime (50%) or that Jesus will definitely or probably&nbsp;<em>not<\/em>&nbsp;return during their lifetime (21%). And nearly two-thirds of those in the historically Black Protestant tradition say they are either unsure of the timing (47%) or that it will probably or definitely<em> not<\/em> happen during their lifetime (17%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-10969\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/12\/08\/about-four-in-ten-u-s-adults-believe-humanity-is-living-in-the-end-times\/ft_22-12-08_endtimes_03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f2f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_03.png?resize=480,851 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_03.png?resize=782,1387 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_03.png?resize=840,1490 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"745\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/12\/FT_22.12.08_endTimes_03.png?w=420\" alt=\"A table showing that 10% of U.S. adults believe Jesus will definitely or probably return in their lifetime\" class=\"wp-image-10969 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"additional-views-about-end-times-theology\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Additional views about end-times theology<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey also asked about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nae.org\/premillennialism-reigns-in-evangelical-theology\/\">other beliefs often associated with end-times theology<\/a>: Whether Jesus will return after a <em>worsening <\/em>of global conditions leads to a low point for humanity (a view consistent with a theological belief known as \u201cpremillennialism\u201d), or whether Jesus will return after an <em>improvement in<\/em> conditions leads to a high point of peace and prosperity (a view consistent with a belief called \u201cpostmillennialism\u201d).<br><br>While each of these positions about the specific circumstances of Jesus\u2019 return are held by a minority of U.S. adults, premillennial beliefs are more common than postmillennial beliefs (20% vs. 3%). An additional third of Americans say Jesus will return but that \u201cit is impossible to know what will happen before Jesus returns.\u201d And, as mentioned above, about four-in-ten U.S. adults do not believe Jesus will return to Earth or say they do not believe in Jesus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evangelicals are divided on questions about the circumstances of Jesus\u2019 return, with 44% taking a premillennial stance and 45% saying that it is impossible to know the circumstances that will precede Jesus\u2019 return. Fewer Catholics (15%) and Protestants in the historically Black (27%) and mainline (18%) traditions believe Jesus\u2019 return will be preceded by a global deterioration. Instead, members of historically Black churches (51%), Catholics (44%) and mainline Protestants (41%) are more likely to say it is impossible to know what will happen before Jesus\u2019 return.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Note: Here are <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/11\/PF_2022.11.17_religion-climate_TOPLINE.pdf\">the questions used<\/a> for this analysis, along with responses, and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/11\/17\/climate-religion-methodology\/\">its methodology<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>58% of U.S. adults say they do not believe \u201cwe are living in the end times\u201d \u2013 the destruction of the world as we know it. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":584,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2022-12-08T18:58:51Z","apple_news_api_id":"1e89e83e-1982-4624-b66a-34eb16c6ee74","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2023-03-01T00:26:12Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AHonoPhmCRiS2ajTrFsbudA","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[161,179,183,186],"bylines":[917],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-8167","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-beliefs-practices","category-christianity","category-evangelicalism","category-historically-black-protestantism","bylines-jeff-diamant","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-religion"],"label":"Short 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