{"id":7933,"date":"2023-07-24T13:54:04","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T18:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us\/"},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:59:55","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:59:55","slug":"what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/07\/24\/what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us\/","title":{"rendered":"What federal education data shows about students with disabilities in the U.S."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Public K-12 schools in the United States educate about 7.3 million students with disabilities \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d22\/tables\/dt22_204.30.asp\">a number that has grown<\/a> over the last few decades. Disabled students ages 3 to 21 are served under the federal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/about-idea\/\">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)<\/a>, which guarantees them the right to free public education and appropriate special education services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/articles\/disability-pride-month-and-the-disability-rights-movement\/\">Disability Pride Month<\/a>, here are some key facts about public school students with disabilities, based on the latest data from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/\">National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July is both Disability Pride Month and the anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act. To mark these occasions, Pew Research Center used federal education data from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/\">the National Center for Education Statistics<\/a>&nbsp;to learn more about students who receive special education services in U.S. public schools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this analysis, students with disabilities include those ages 3 to 21 who are served under the federal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/about-idea\/\">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)<\/a>. Through IDEA, children with disabilities are guaranteed a \u201cfree appropriate public education,\u201d including special education and related services.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 7.3 million disabled students in the U.S. made up 15% of national public school enrollment during the 2021-22 school year. <\/strong>The population of students in prekindergarten through 12th grade who are served under IDEA has grown in both number and share over the last few decades. During the 2010-11 school year, for instance, there were 6.4 million students with disabilities in U.S. public schools, accounting for 13% of enrollment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The number of students receiving special education services temporarily dropped during the coronavirus pandemic \u2013 the first decline in a decade.<\/strong> Between the 2019-20 and 2020-21 school years, the number of students receiving special education services decreased by 1%, from 7.3 million to 7.2 million. This was the first year-over-year drop in special education enrollment since 2011-12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9707\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/07\/24\/what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us\/sr_22-07-20_studentsdisabilities_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_2.png?resize=480,449 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_2.png?resize=782,732 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_2.png?resize=840,786 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"393\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_2.png?w=420\" alt=\"A line chart showing that fewer U.S. children received special education services in first full school year of COVID-19 pandemic.\" class=\"wp-image-9707 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decline in students receiving special education services was part of a 3% decline in the overall number of students enrolled in public schools between 2019-20 and 2020-21. While special education enrollment bounced back to pre-pandemic levels in the 2021-22 school year, overall public school enrollment remained flat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These enrollment trends may reflect some of the learning difficulties and health concerns students with disabilities and their families faced during the height of the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/topic\/coronavirus-disease-covid-19\/\">COVID-19 pandemic<\/a>, which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8813595\/\">limited or paused special education services<\/a> in many school districts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Many school districts struggle to hire special education professionals.<\/strong> During the 2020-21 school year, 40% of <a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2022\/2022111.pdf\">public schools that had a special education teaching vacancy<\/a> reported that they either found it very difficult to fill the position or were not able to do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign languages (43%) and physical sciences (37%) were the only subjects with similarly large shares of hard-to-fill teaching vacancies at public schools that were looking to hire in those fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the COVID-19 pandemic called attention to a <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/business-science-health-education-california-b6c495eab9a2a8f1a3ca068582c9d3c7\">nationwide teacher shortage<\/a>, special education positions have long been among the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.the74million.org\/article\/yes-theres-a-shortage-of-special-education-teachers-and-thats-nothing-new\/\">most difficult for school districts to fill<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The most common type of disability for students in prekindergarten through 12th grade involves \u201cspecific learning disabilities,\u201d such as dyslexia.&nbsp;<\/strong>In 2021-22, about a third of students (32%) receiving services under IDEA had a specific learning disability. Some 19% had a speech or language impairment, while 15% had a chronic or acute health problem that adversely affected their educational performance. Chronic or acute health problems include ailments such as heart conditions, asthma, sickle cell anemia, epilepsy, leukemia and diabetes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9712\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/07\/24\/what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us\/sr_22-07-20_studentsdisabilities_3-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d7dad8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d7dad8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_3.png?resize=480,739 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_3.png?resize=782,1205 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_3.png?resize=840,1294 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"647\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_3.png?w=420\" alt=\"A chart showing that about a third of disabled U.S. students have a 'specific learning disability,' such as dyslexia.\" class=\"wp-image-9712 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Students with autism made up 12% of the nation\u2019s schoolchildren with disabilities in 2021-22, compared with 1.5% in 2000-01.<\/strong>&nbsp;During those two decades, the share of disabled students with a specific learning disability, such as dyslexia, declined from 45% to 32%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The percentage of students receiving special education services varies widely across states.<\/strong> New York serves the largest share of disabled students in the country at 20.5% of its overall public school enrollment. Pennsylvania (20.2%), Maine (20.1%) and Massachusetts (19.3%) serve the next-largest shares. The states serving the lowest shares of disabled students include Texas and Idaho (both 11.7%) and Hawaii (11.3%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9716\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/07\/24\/what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us\/sr_22-07-20_studentsdisabilities_4-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d8e0e5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d8e0e5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_4.png?resize=480,574 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_4.png?resize=782,935 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_4.png?resize=840,1004 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"502\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_4.png?w=420\" alt=\"A map showing that New York, Pennsylvania and Maine public schools serve the highest percentages of students with disabilities.\" class=\"wp-image-9716 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Between the 2000-01 and 2021-22 school years, all but 12 states experienced growth in their disabled student populations. The biggest increase occurred in Utah, where the disabled student population rose by 65%. Rhode Island saw the largest decline of 22%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These differences by state are&nbsp;likely the result&nbsp;of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/education-news\/articles\/2019-04-24\/gao-states-vary-widely-in-k-12-students-who-get-special-education-services\">inconsistencies in how states determine&nbsp;which students are eligible for special education services<\/a> and challenges in identifying disabled children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9701\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/07\/24\/what-federal-education-data-shows-about-students-with-disabilities-in-the-us\/sr_22-07-20_studentsdisabilities_1-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f2f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_1.png?resize=480,455 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_1.png?resize=782,740 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_1.png?resize=960,909 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_1.png?resize=1200,1136 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_1.png?resize=1280,1212 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"606\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_1.png?w=640\" alt=\"A cartogram that shows between the 2000-01 and 2021-22 school years, most states saw growth in population of students with disabilities.\" class=\"wp-image-9701 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-has-big-number wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The racial and ethnic makeup of the nation\u2019s special education students is similar to public school students overall, but there are differences by sex.&nbsp;<\/strong>About two-thirds of disabled students (65%) are male, while 34% are female, according to data from the 2021-22 school year. Overall student enrollment is about evenly split between boys and girls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=432675\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/SR_22.07.20_StudentsDisabilities_5.png?w=310\" alt=\"A dot plot showing that U.S. special education students tend to be male.\" class=\"wp-image-432675\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Research has shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/education-news\/articles\/2019-04-24\/gao-states-vary-widely-in-k-12-students-who-get-special-education-services\">decisions about whether to recommend a student for special education<\/a> may be influenced by their school\u2019s socioeconomic makeup, as well as by the school\u2019s test scores and other academic markers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Note: This is an update of a post originally published April 23, 2020.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Public K-12 schools in the United States educate about 7.3 million students with disabilities \u2013 a number that has grown over the last few decades.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":584,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2023-07-24T17:54:12Z","apple_news_api_id":"1ea7fff0-2afc-4dbe-8ef0-18f49c45e1f7","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2023-07-24T17:54:12Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AHqf_8Cr8Tb6O8Bj0nEXh9w","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[{"key":"703ab4c6-a714-4b5c-b9df-3969283811bf","termId":850}],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[361,373],"bylines":[850],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[503,515],"research-teams":[],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-7933","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-education","category-k-12","bylines-katherine-schaeffer","formats-short-read","regions-countries-state-level-data","regions-countries-united-states"],"label":"Short 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