{"id":7889,"date":"2025-10-01T14:34:51","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T18:34:51","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-10-01T14:41:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T18:41:53","slug":"congress-has-long-struggled-to-pass-spending-bills-on-time","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/10\/01\/congress-has-long-struggled-to-pass-spending-bills-on-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Congress has long struggled to pass spending bills on time"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Large chunks of the federal government, from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2025\/09\/29\/shutdown-delay-jobs-data-bls\/\">Bureau of Labor Statistics<\/a> to the <a href=\"https:\/\/visit.archives.gov\/\">National Archives<\/a>, are shut down because there\u2019s no money to keep them open, and federal workers are facing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/30\/us\/politics\/trump-shutdown-layoffs.html\">possible mass layoffs<\/a>. The new federal fiscal year began on Oct. 1, but Congress didn\u2019t pass any of the dozen annual appropriations bills it\u2019s supposed to enact. Nor did lawmakers pass a stopgap spending law to buy themselves more time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignright has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-bd6cbb4d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><figure class=\"wp-chart-builder\">\t\t<div style=\"max-width:420px\" class=\"wp-chart-builder-wrapper alignnone wp-block-prc-chart-builder-controller\" id=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8\" data-wp-interactive=\"prc-chart-builder\/controller\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8&quot;,&quot;postId&quot;:7889,&quot;postUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/alpha.pewresearch.org\\\/pewresearch-org\\\/short-reads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/01\\\/congress-has-long-struggled-to-pass-spending-bills-on-time\\\/&quot;,&quot;chartPostUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/alpha.pewresearch.org\\\/pewresearch-org\\\/chart\\\/congress-rarely-passes-all-spending-bills-on-time\\\/&quot;,&quot;postPubDate&quot;:&quot;2025-10-01&quot;,&quot;rootUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/alpha.pewresearch.org\\\/pewresearch-org&quot;,&quot;featuredImageId&quot;:null,&quot;featuredImageUrl&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Congress rarely passes all spending bills on time&quot;,&quot;subtitle&quot;:&quot;% &lt;em&gt;of stand-alone appropriations legislation enacted on or before Oct. 1 of each fiscal year&lt;\\\/em&gt;&quot;,&quot;note&quot;:&quot;Note: Although each federal fiscal year ends on Sept. 30, bills enacted by or on Oct. 1 are considered to be \\&quot;on time.\\&quot;&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;Source: Pew Research Center analysis of legislative data from the Congressional Research Service.&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;PEW RESEARCH CENTER&quot;,&quot;tableData&quot;:{&quot;header&quot;:[&quot;Fiscal year&quot;,&quot;On-time percentage&quot;],&quot;rows&quot;:[[&quot;1977&quot;,&quot;100%&quot;],[&quot;1978&quot;,&quot;69%&quot;],[&quot;1979&quot;,&quot;38%&quot;],[&quot;1980&quot;,&quot;23%&quot;],[&quot;1981&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;1982&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;1983&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;1984&quot;,&quot;31%&quot;],[&quot;1985&quot;,&quot;31%&quot;],[&quot;1986&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;1987&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;1988&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;1989&quot;,&quot;100%&quot;],[&quot;1990&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;1991&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;1992&quot;,&quot;23%&quot;],[&quot;1993&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;1994&quot;,&quot;15%&quot;],[&quot;1995&quot;,&quot;100%&quot;],[&quot;1996&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;1997&quot;,&quot;100%&quot;],[&quot;1998&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;1999&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;2000&quot;,&quot;31%&quot;],[&quot;2001&quot;,&quot;15%&quot;],[&quot;2002&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2003&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2004&quot;,&quot;23%&quot;],[&quot;2005&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;2006&quot;,&quot;18%&quot;],[&quot;2007&quot;,&quot;9%&quot;],[&quot;2008&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2009&quot;,&quot;25%&quot;],[&quot;2010&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;2011&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2012&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2013&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2014&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2015&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2016&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2017&quot;,&quot;8%&quot;],[&quot;2018&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2019&quot;,&quot;42%&quot;],[&quot;2020&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2021&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2022&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2023&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2024&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;],[&quot;2025&quot;,&quot;0%&quot;]],&quot;footer&quot;:[]}}\" data-wp-init--detect-web-share-support=\"callbacks.detectWebShareSupport\" data-wp-init--sync-table-height=\"callbacks.syncTableHeight\" data-png-url=\"\" data-has-csv=\"true\" data-post-url=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/10\/01\/congress-has-long-struggled-to-pass-spending-bills-on-time\/\" data-chart-url=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/chart\/congress-rarely-passes-all-spending-bills-on-time\/\" data-chart-title=\"Congress rarely passes all spending bills on time\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-chart\" data-chart-view=\"chart\" data-allow-overlay=\"true\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-inner wp-block-prc-chart-builder-chart\" id=\"chart-block-2\" data-wp-key=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8-chart\" data-wp-interactive=\"prc-chart-builder\/chart\" data-wp-router-region=\"chart-ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8-chart\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8-chart&quot;}\" data-wp-watch--init-render=\"callbacks.watchForRender\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.watchForResize\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__text-wrapper\" style=\"max-width:420px;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr class=\"cb__hr\" style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; max-width:420px;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__title\">Congress rarely passes all spending bills on time<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__subtitle\">% <em>of stand-alone appropriations legislation enacted on or before Oct. 1 of each fiscal year<\/em><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8-chart\"><div class=\"chart-fallback chart-fallback--placeholder\" style=\"width:420px;min-height:200px;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\">Note: Although each federal fiscal year ends on Sept. 30, bills enacted by or on Oct. 1 are considered to be &#8220;on time.&#8221;<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\">Source: Pew Research Center analysis of legislative data from the Congressional Research Service.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__tag\">PEW RESEARCH CENTER<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr class=\"cb__hr\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0; max-width:420px;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t<!-- register a callback on this div to see if the native share is supported -->\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal__overlay\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"share-modal__overlay-ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--web-share-supported=\"state.webShareSupported\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.hideModal\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.hideModal\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-chart-view=\"share\"\n\t\t\t><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- TODO: I would like to be able to use the social share block here. Need to modify it to work with the share modal. -->\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal\" id=\"share-modal-ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--web-share-supported=\"state.webShareSupported\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-chart-view=\"share\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"share-modal__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"share-modal__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"share-modal__title\">Share this chart<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"share-modal__close\" aria-label=\"Close Share Modal\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.hideModal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-no-alt\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"share-modal__body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal__button share-modal__button--twitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.shareTwitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.shareTwitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share on X<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal__button share-modal__button--facebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.shareFacebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.shareFacebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share on Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-table\" data-chart-view=\"table\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\" id=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8-table\" style=\"max-width:420px;\">\t\t\t<hr style=\"margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 420px;\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__title\">Congress rarely passes all spending bills on time<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__subtitle\">% <em>of stand-alone appropriations legislation enacted on or before Oct. 1 of each fiscal year<\/em><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-table__inner\" style=\"max-width: 420px !important; margin-bottom: 0; overflow: auto;\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<figure class=\"wp-block-prc-block-table is-scroll-on-pc is-scroll-on-mobile chart-builder-data-table has-sans-serif-font-family has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout is-sticky-first-column\"><thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left\">Fiscal year<\/th><th style=\"text-align:right\">On-time percentage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1977<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">100%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1978<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">69%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1979<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1980<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">23%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1981<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1982<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1983<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1984<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">31%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1985<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">31%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1986<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1987<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1988<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1989<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">100%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1990<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1991<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1992<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">23%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1993<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1994<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">15%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1995<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">100%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1996<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1997<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">100%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1998<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">1999<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2000<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">31%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2001<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">15%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2002<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2003<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2004<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">23%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2005<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2006<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">18%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2007<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">9%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2008<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2009<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">25%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2010<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2011<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2012<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2013<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2014<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2015<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2016<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2017<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2018<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2019<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2020<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2021<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2022<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2023<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2024<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left\">2025<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">0%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<hr class=\"cb__download-data-button-hr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__download-data-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.downloadData\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.downloadData\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"has-sans-serif-font-family\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\tDownload data as .csv\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\">Note: Although each federal fiscal year ends on Sept. 30, bills enacted by or on Oct. 1 are considered to be &#8220;on time.&#8221;<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\">Source: Pew Research Center analysis of legislative data from the Congressional Research Service.<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__tag\">PEW RESEARCH CENTER<\/div>\n\t\t\t<hr style=\"margin: 10px 0px 0px; max-width: 420px;\">\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"wp-chart-builder-view-buttons\" style=\"max-width:420px;\"><div class=\"wp-chart-builder-view-buttons__tabs\"><button class=\"view-button view-button--chart\" data-chart-view=\"chart\" data-chart-id=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.setActiveTab\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">Chart<\/button><button class=\"view-button view-button--table\" data-chart-view=\"table\" data-chart-id=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.setActiveTab\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">Data<\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-chart-builder-view-buttons__actions\"><button class=\"view-button view-button--share\" data-chart-view=\"share\" data-chart-id=\"ce878918-1721-4723-b31e-e69c1fda3ee8\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.setActiveTab\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">Share<\/button><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Congress\u2019 chronic inability to follow&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R42388\">its own appropriations process<\/a>&nbsp;is hardly new. In the nearly five decades that the current system for budgeting and spending tax dollars has been in place,&nbsp;<strong>Congress has passed all its required appropriations measures on time only four times:<\/strong>&nbsp;fiscal 1977 (the first full fiscal year under the current system), 1989, 1995 and 1997. And even those last three times, Congress was late in passing the budget blueprint that, in theory at least, precedes the actual spending bills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, the typical appropriations process bears little resemblance to the orderly one laid out in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgpf.org\/analysis\/q-and-a-congressional-budget-and-impoundment-control-act-of-1974\">1974 Congressional Budget Act<\/a>. Instead, it\u2019s a hodgepodge of late budget blueprints, temporary spending measures to keep the government running, and omnibus appropriations packages that sprawl over hundreds of pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It wasn\u2019t supposed to be that way.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the federal government once again in a government shutdown, we decided to update our historical look at the federal budgeting and appropriations process \u2013 and Congress\u2019 difficulties in adhering to its own rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this analysis, we used data from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/congress.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">congress.gov<\/a>, an official online repository of legislation and legislative data. We identified every appropriations bill enacted since 1976, when the new process laid out in the 1974 Congressional Budget Act (CBA), began to take effect. We coded each of these laws as a regular, continuing or supplemental appropriation. We also noted which appropriations area or areas each measure covered, as well as the date it became law, so we could compare it against the deadlines laid out in the CBA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, we identified all budget resolutions agreed to since 1975 and when they passed relative to the CBA deadlines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For explanations of how the budget and appropriations process is supposed to work, we relied primarily on a series of reports by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/\">Congressional Research Service<\/a>, including its \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R46240\">Introduction to the Federal Budget Process<\/a>.\u201d We used\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/omb\/budget\/historical-tables\/\">historical spending data<\/a>\u00a0published by the Office of Management and Budget to calculate mandatory and discretionary spending shares.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"first-step-the-budget-resolution\">First step: The budget resolution<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once the president submits a budget proposal \u2013 which is supposed to happen (but often doesn\u2019t) by the first Monday in February \u2013 the House and Senate start work on a budget resolution. This is a concurrent resolution, agreed to by both chambers but not presented to the president. While it doesn\u2019t have the force of law, the budget resolution is meant to serve as an overall revenue and spending plan for the coming fiscal year. It guides lawmakers as they assemble the detailed appropriations bills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignright is-style-callout is-style-250-wide has-beige-background-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"timetable-of-the-congressional-budget-process-in-law-if-not-always-in-practice\">Timetable of the congressional budget process (in law, if not always in practice)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>First Monday in February: <\/strong>President submits proposed budget. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Feb. 15:<\/strong> Congressional Budget Office submits report on economic and fiscal outlook to the House and Senate budget committees. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Six weeks after president submits budget:<\/strong> Other House and Senate committees submit their views and estimates to the budget committees. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>April 1:<\/strong> Senate Budget Committee reports concurrent resolution on the budget. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>April 15:<\/strong> House and Senate agree to a concurrent resolution on the budget. <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>May 15:<\/strong> Annual appropriations bills may be considered in the House. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>June 10:<\/strong> House Appropriations Committee reports its last annual appropriations bill. <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>June 15:<\/strong> Congress completes action on reconciliation legislation. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>June 30:<\/strong> House completes action on all annual appropriations bills. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Oct. 1:<\/strong> Fiscal year begins; all annual appropriations bills enacted by this date. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But even this initial step has often proven problematic. Although the Congressional Budget Act sets an April 15 target date for the budget resolution, Congress has seldom met that deadline. <strong>The budget resolution has been adopted late \u2013 or not at all \u2013 in 45 of the past 51 fiscal years, including fiscal 2026.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This year\u2019s process was especially unusual. Congress adopted a budget resolution in April \u2013 more than halfway into the 2025 fiscal year, and a month <em>after<\/em> passing a full-year funding bill. Doing so was a necessary first step toward enacting the massive bill that included much of President Donald Trump\u2019s domestic policy agenda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"next-step-the-appropriations-bills\">Next step: The appropriations bills<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After a budget resolution is adopted, Congress is supposed to pass a series of separate bills funding various federal agencies and activities. For more than a decade, the number of spending bills has stood at 12, one for each pair of subcommittees on the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/appropriations.house.gov\/subcommittees\">House<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.appropriations.senate.gov\/subcommittees\">Senate<\/a>&nbsp;appropriations committees. The deadline for passing these bills is&nbsp;Oct. 1, when the new fiscal year starts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But that hasn\u2019t actually happened since 1996, when the final three appropriations bills for fiscal 1997 (one of them a six-bill omnibus package) became law on Sept. 30, the day before the new fiscal year began. Since then,<strong>&nbsp;Congress has never passed more than five of its 12 regular appropriations bills on time.<\/strong> Usually, it\u2019s done considerably less than that: In 13 of the past 15 fiscal years \u2013 including this year \u2013 lawmakers have not passed a single spending bill by Oct. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, Congress regularly buys itself extra time by relying on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R42647.pdf\">continuing resolutions<\/a>&nbsp;(CRs). Continuing resolutions typically extend funding levels from the prior fiscal year, but only for existing programs. They\u2019ve lasted as little as one day and as long as the rest of the fiscal year \u2013 a \u201cfull-year CR\u201d in budget-speak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Continuing resolutions keep the government functioning but permit the appropriations process to drag out for weeks or months past its theoretical deadline. Since fiscal 1998, there have been an average of 117 days \u2013 almost four months \u2013 between the start of each fiscal year and that year\u2019s final spending bill becoming law. In one extreme case, the final spending bill for fiscal 2017 didn\u2019t become law until May 2017, more than seven months into the fiscal year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rather than pass individual spending bills as envisioned in the 1974 budget law,&nbsp;<strong>Congress has taken to resolving its annual spending disputes by using&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/RL32473.pdf\"><strong>omnibus bills<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;or full-year continuing resolutions, which are different ways of bundling multiple appropriations measures into a single, giant law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first such omnibus measure was passed in 1950 as a one-off experiment, and the tactic was used a couple of times in the mid-1980s. However, omnibus bills have become more the norm than the exception recently: In 12 of the past 15 fiscal years, <em>all<\/em> of the regular appropriations bills were combined into after-deadline package deals, most recently in March of this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"different-types-of-federal-spending\">Different types of federal spending<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignright has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-bd6cbb4d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><figure class=\"wp-chart-builder\">\t\t<div style=\"max-width:310px\" class=\"wp-chart-builder-wrapper alignnone wp-block-prc-chart-builder-controller\" id=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d\" data-wp-interactive=\"prc-chart-builder\/controller\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d&quot;,&quot;postId&quot;:7889,&quot;postUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/alpha.pewresearch.org\\\/pewresearch-org\\\/short-reads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/01\\\/congress-has-long-struggled-to-pass-spending-bills-on-time\\\/&quot;,&quot;chartPostUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/alpha.pewresearch.org\\\/pewresearch-org\\\/chart\\\/appropriations-bills-make-up-less-than-a-third-of-all-federal-spending\\\/&quot;,&quot;postPubDate&quot;:&quot;2025-10-01&quot;,&quot;rootUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/alpha.pewresearch.org\\\/pewresearch-org&quot;,&quot;featuredImageId&quot;:null,&quot;featuredImageUrl&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&lt;strong&gt;Appropriations bills make up less than a third of all federal spending&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&quot;,&quot;subtitle&quot;:&quot;&lt;em&gt;% of total federal expenditures, by fiscal year and category&lt;\\\/em&gt;&quot;,&quot;note&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;Note: \\&quot;Discretionary\\&quot; refers to federal expenditures that are controlled via annual appropriations laws. \\&quot;Mandatory\\&quot; refers to expenditures provided for by permanent laws, occurring independently of the appropriations process. \\&quot;Net interest\\&quot; refers to interest payments on federal debt securities, less interest received by federal trust funds and other investment income.&lt;br&gt;Source: Pew Research Center analysis of data from the Office of Management and Budget.&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;PEW RESEARCH CENTER&quot;,&quot;tableData&quot;:{&quot;header&quot;:[&quot;Fiscal year&quot;,&quot;Mandatory&quot;,&quot;Net interest&quot;,&quot;Discretionary&quot;],&quot;rows&quot;:[[&quot;1977&quot;,&quot;44.5%&quot;,&quot;7.3%&quot;,&quot;48.2%&quot;],[&quot;1978&quot;,&quot;44.6%&quot;,&quot;7.7%&quot;,&quot;47.7%&quot;],[&quot;1979&quot;,&quot;43.9%&quot;,&quot;8.5%&quot;,&quot;47.6%&quot;],[&quot;1980&quot;,&quot;44.4%&quot;,&quot;8.9%&quot;,&quot;46.8%&quot;],[&quot;1981&quot;,&quot;44.5%&quot;,&quot;10.1%&quot;,&quot;45.4%&quot;],[&quot;1982&quot;,&quot;44.9%&quot;,&quot;11.4%&quot;,&quot;43.7%&quot;],[&quot;1983&quot;,&quot;45.2%&quot;,&quot;11.1%&quot;,&quot;43.7%&quot;],[&quot;1984&quot;,&quot;42.4%&quot;,&quot;13.0%&quot;,&quot;44.5%&quot;],[&quot;1985&quot;,&quot;42.4%&quot;,&quot;13.7%&quot;,&quot;43.9%&quot;],[&quot;1986&quot;,&quot;42.0%&quot;,&quot;13.7%&quot;,&quot;44.3%&quot;],[&quot;1987&quot;,&quot;42.0%&quot;,&quot;13.8%&quot;,&quot;44.2%&quot;],[&quot;1988&quot;,&quot;42.1%&quot;,&quot;14.3%&quot;,&quot;43.6%&quot;],[&quot;1989&quot;,&quot;42.5%&quot;,&quot;14.8%&quot;,&quot;42.7%&quot;],[&quot;1990&quot;,&quot;45.3%&quot;,&quot;14.7%&quot;,&quot;40.0%&quot;],[&quot;1991&quot;,&quot;45.0%&quot;,&quot;14.7%&quot;,&quot;40.3%&quot;],[&quot;1992&quot;,&quot;46.9%&quot;,&quot;14.4%&quot;,&quot;38.6%&quot;],[&quot;1993&quot;,&quot;47.6%&quot;,&quot;14.1%&quot;,&quot;38.3%&quot;],[&quot;1994&quot;,&quot;49.1%&quot;,&quot;13.9%&quot;,&quot;37.0%&quot;],[&quot;1995&quot;,&quot;48.7%&quot;,&quot;15.3%&quot;,&quot;35.9%&quot;],[&quot;1996&quot;,&quot;50.4%&quot;,&quot;15.5%&quot;,&quot;34.1%&quot;],[&quot;1997&quot;,&quot;50.6%&quot;,&quot;15.2%&quot;,&quot;34.2%&quot;],[&quot;1998&quot;,&quot;52.0%&quot;,&quot;14.6%&quot;,&quot;33.4%&quot;],[&quot;1999&quot;,&quot;52.9%&quot;,&quot;13.5%&quot;,&quot;33.6%&quot;],[&quot;2000&quot;,&quot;53.2%&quot;,&quot;12.5%&quot;,&quot;34.4%&quot;],[&quot;2001&quot;,&quot;54.1%&quot;,&quot;11.1%&quot;,&quot;34.8%&quot;],[&quot;2002&quot;,&quot;55.0%&quot;,&quot;8.5%&quot;,&quot;36.5%&quot;],[&quot;2003&quot;,&quot;54.7%&quot;,&quot;7.1%&quot;,&quot;38.2%&quot;],[&quot;2004&quot;,&quot;54.0%&quot;,&quot;7.0%&quot;,&quot;39.0%&quot;],[&quot;2005&quot;,&quot;53.4%&quot;,&quot;7.4%&quot;,&quot;39.2%&quot;],[&quot;2006&quot;,&quot;53.2%&quot;,&quot;8.5%&quot;,&quot;38.3%&quot;],[&quot;2007&quot;,&quot;53.1%&quot;,&quot;8.7%&quot;,&quot;38.2%&quot;],[&quot;2008&quot;,&quot;53.5%&quot;,&quot;8.5%&quot;,&quot;38.1%&quot;],[&quot;2009&quot;,&quot;59.5%&quot;,&quot;5.3%&quot;,&quot;35.2%&quot;],[&quot;2010&quot;,&quot;55.4%&quot;,&quot;5.7%&quot;,&quot;39.0%&quot;],[&quot;2011&quot;,&quot;56.2%&quot;,&quot;6.4%&quot;,&quot;37.4%&quot;],[&quot;2012&quot;,&quot;57.6%&quot;,&quot;6.2%&quot;,&quot;36.2%&quot;],[&quot;2013&quot;,&quot;58.8%&quot;,&quot;6.4%&quot;,&quot;34.8%&quot;],[&quot;2014&quot;,&quot;59.8%&quot;,&quot;6.5%&quot;,&quot;33.6%&quot;],[&quot;2015&quot;,&quot;62.2%&quot;,&quot;6.0%&quot;,&quot;31.7%&quot;],[&quot;2016&quot;,&quot;63.0%&quot;,&quot;6.2%&quot;,&quot;30.8%&quot;],[&quot;2017&quot;,&quot;63.3%&quot;,&quot;6.6%&quot;,&quot;30.1%&quot;],[&quot;2018&quot;,&quot;61.4%&quot;,&quot;7.9%&quot;,&quot;30.7%&quot;],[&quot;2019&quot;,&quot;61.5%&quot;,&quot;8.4%&quot;,&quot;30.1%&quot;],[&quot;2020&quot;,&quot;69.9%&quot;,&quot;5.3%&quot;,&quot;24.8%&quot;],[&quot;2021&quot;,&quot;70.8%&quot;,&quot;5.2%&quot;,&quot;24.0%&quot;],[&quot;2022&quot;,&quot;65.9%&quot;,&quot;7.6%&quot;,&quot;26.5%&quot;],[&quot;2023&quot;,&quot;61.3%&quot;,&quot;10.7%&quot;,&quot;28.0%&quot;],[&quot;2024&quot;,&quot;60.2%&quot;,&quot;13.0%&quot;,&quot;26.8%&quot;]],&quot;footer&quot;:[]}}\" data-wp-init--detect-web-share-support=\"callbacks.detectWebShareSupport\" data-wp-init--sync-table-height=\"callbacks.syncTableHeight\" data-png-url=\"\" data-has-csv=\"true\" data-post-url=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/10\/01\/congress-has-long-struggled-to-pass-spending-bills-on-time\/\" data-chart-url=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/chart\/appropriations-bills-make-up-less-than-a-third-of-all-federal-spending\/\" data-chart-title=\"&lt;strong&gt;Appropriations bills make up less than a third of all federal spending&lt;\/strong&gt;\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-chart\" data-chart-view=\"chart\" data-allow-overlay=\"true\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-inner wp-block-prc-chart-builder-chart\" id=\"chart-block-4\" data-wp-key=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d-chart\" data-wp-interactive=\"prc-chart-builder\/chart\" data-wp-router-region=\"chart-38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d-chart\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d-chart&quot;}\" data-wp-watch--init-render=\"callbacks.watchForRender\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.watchForResize\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__text-wrapper\" style=\"max-width:310px;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr class=\"cb__hr\" style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; max-width:310px;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__title\"><strong>Appropriations bills make up less than a third of all federal spending<\/strong><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__subtitle\"><em>% of total federal expenditures, by fiscal year and category<\/em><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d-chart\"><div class=\"chart-fallback chart-fallback--placeholder\" style=\"width:310px;min-height:200px;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\">Note: &#8220;Discretionary&#8221; refers to federal expenditures that are controlled via annual appropriations laws. &#8220;Mandatory&#8221; refers to expenditures provided for by permanent laws, occurring independently of the appropriations process. &#8220;Net interest&#8221; refers to interest payments on federal debt securities, less interest received by federal trust funds and other investment income.<br>Source: Pew Research Center analysis of data from the Office of Management and Budget.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__tag\">PEW RESEARCH CENTER<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr class=\"cb__hr\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0; max-width:310px;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t<!-- register a callback on this div to see if the native share is supported -->\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal__overlay\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"share-modal__overlay-38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--web-share-supported=\"state.webShareSupported\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.hideModal\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.hideModal\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-chart-view=\"share\"\n\t\t\t><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- TODO: I would like to be able to use the social share block here. Need to modify it to work with the share modal. -->\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal\" id=\"share-modal-38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-wp-class--web-share-supported=\"state.webShareSupported\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-chart-view=\"share\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"share-modal__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"share-modal__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"share-modal__title\">Share this chart<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"share-modal__close\" aria-label=\"Close Share Modal\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.hideModal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-no-alt\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"share-modal__body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal__button share-modal__button--twitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.shareTwitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.shareTwitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share on X<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"share-modal__button share-modal__button--facebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.shareFacebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.shareFacebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share on Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-table\" data-chart-view=\"table\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\" id=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d-table\" style=\"max-width:310px;\">\t\t\t<hr style=\"margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 310px;\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__title\"><strong>Appropriations bills make up less than a third of all federal spending<\/strong><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__subtitle\"><em>% of total federal expenditures, by fiscal year and category<\/em><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-chart-builder-table__inner\" style=\"max-width: 310px !important; margin-bottom: 0; overflow: auto;\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<figure class=\"wp-block-prc-block-table is-scroll-on-pc is-scroll-on-mobile chart-builder-data-table has-sans-serif-font-family has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout is-sticky-first-column\"><thead><tr><th style=\"text-align:left;width:15%;vertical-align:bottom\">Fiscal year<\/th><th style=\"text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom\">Mandatory<\/th><th style=\"text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom\">Net interest<\/th><th style=\"text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom\">Discretionary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1977<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">48.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1978<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">47.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1979<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">43.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">47.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1980<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">46.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1981<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">10.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">45.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1982<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">11.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">43.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1983<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">45.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">11.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">43.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1984<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1985<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">43.9%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1986<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1987<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.8%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">44.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1988<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">43.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1989<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.8%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">42.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1990<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">45.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">40.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1991<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">45.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">40.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1992<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">46.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1993<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">47.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1994<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">49.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">37.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1995<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">48.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">15.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">35.9%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1996<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">50.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">15.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">34.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1997<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">50.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">15.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">34.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1998<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">52.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">14.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">33.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">1999<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">52.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">33.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2000<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">53.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">12.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">34.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2001<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">54.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">11.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">34.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2002<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">55.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">36.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2003<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">54.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2004<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">54.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">39.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2005<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">53.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">39.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2006<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">53.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2007<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">53.1%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2008<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">53.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">38.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2009<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">59.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">5.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">35.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2010<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">55.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">5.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">39.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2011<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">56.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">37.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2012<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">57.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">36.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2013<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">58.8%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">34.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2014<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">59.8%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">33.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2015<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">62.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">31.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2016<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">63.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">30.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2017<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">63.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">6.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">30.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2018<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">61.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">30.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2019<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">61.5%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">8.4%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">30.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2020<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">69.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">5.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">24.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2021<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">70.8%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">5.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">24.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2022<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">65.9%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">7.6%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">26.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2023<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">61.3%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">10.7%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">28.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align:left;width:15%\">2024<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">60.2%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">13.0%<\/td><td style=\"text-align:right\">26.8%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<hr class=\"cb__download-data-button-hr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__download-data-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.downloadData\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.downloadData\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"has-sans-serif-font-family\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\tDownload data as .csv\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__note\">Note: &#8220;Discretionary&#8221; refers to federal expenditures that are controlled via annual appropriations laws. &#8220;Mandatory&#8221; refers to expenditures provided for by permanent laws, occurring independently of the appropriations process. &#8220;Net interest&#8221; refers to interest payments on federal debt securities, less interest received by federal trust funds and other investment income.<br>Source: Pew Research Center analysis of data from the Office of Management and Budget.<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"cb__tag\">PEW RESEARCH CENTER<\/div>\n\t\t\t<hr style=\"margin: 10px 0px 0px; max-width: 310px;\">\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"wp-chart-builder-view-buttons\" style=\"max-width:310px;\"><div class=\"wp-chart-builder-view-buttons__tabs\"><button class=\"view-button view-button--chart\" data-chart-view=\"chart\" data-chart-id=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.setActiveTab\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">Chart<\/button><button class=\"view-button view-button--table\" data-chart-view=\"table\" data-chart-id=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.setActiveTab\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">Data<\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-chart-builder-view-buttons__actions\"><button class=\"view-button view-button--share\" data-chart-view=\"share\" data-chart-id=\"38d20211-5acb-4ccd-b273-c5c2171f613d\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.setActiveTab\" data-wp-class--active=\"state.isActive\">Share<\/button><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For all the energy that goes into the annual appropriations process and all the attention it attracts, it covers less than a third of all federal spending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most federal spending \u2013 including for <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/05\/20\/what-the-data-says-about-social-security\/\">Social Security<\/a>, Medicare, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/06\/24\/what-the-data-says-about-medicaid\/\">Medicaid<\/a>, unemployment compensation and other entitlement programs \u2013 is mandated by the statutes governing those programs. Such mandatory spending topped $4 trillion in fiscal 2024, or 60.2% of all federal outlays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The appropriations process, by contrast, covers&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbo.gov\/content\/what-difference-between-mandatory-and-discretionary-spending\">discretionary spending<\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 everything from the military and space programs to disaster relief and farm price supports. In fiscal 2024, discretionary spending totaled about $1.8 trillion, or 26.8% of total outlays.&nbsp;(An additional 13% represents net interest paid on the national debt.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-common-are-government-shutdowns\">How common are government shutdowns?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Including the current one, there have been six shutdowns since 1995,<\/strong> excluding a nine-hour funding gap (the interval between the expiration of one continuing resolution and the enactment of another) in the overnight hours of Feb. 8-9, 2018. Prior to this year, the most recent shutdown lasted 35 days, from Dec. 22, 2018, to Jan. 25, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The impact of a shutdown depends on how long it lasts and which parts of the government are forced to close their doors. During the 2018-19 standoff, for instance, only about&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbo.gov\/system\/files\/2019-01\/54937-PartialShutdownEffects.pdf\">300,000 of an estimated 2.1 million federal workers<\/a>&nbsp;were furloughed, largely because five of the 12 spending bills \u2013 those covering the Defense, Education, Health and Human Services departments and other major parts of the federal government \u2013 had already become law. Still, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the shutdown shaved about $3 billion, or 0.02%, off that year\u2019s gross domestic product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Note: This is an update of a post originally published on Jan. 16, 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Congress has passed all its required appropriations measures on time only four times in nearly five 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