{"id":7850,"date":"2023-11-02T15:08:53","date_gmt":"2023-11-02T20:08:53","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:59:31","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:59:31","slug":"women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/","title":{"rendered":"Women have gained ground in the nation\u2019s highest-paying occupations, but still lag behind men"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9594\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/sr_23-11-02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"cac8c7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #cac8c7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"360\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?w=640\" alt=\"Three members of the staff looking for a medicine in a drawer of a pharmacy store\" class=\"wp-image-9594 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">(Abraham Gonzalez Fernandez)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women now make up 35% of workers in the United States\u2019 10 highest-paying occupations \u2013 up from 13% in 1980. They have increased their presence in almost all of these occupations, which include physicians, lawyers and pharmacists.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to learn more about women\u2019s representation in high-paying U.S. occupations as part of our ongoing research into <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/topic\/economy-work\/business-workplace\/gender-work\/\">gender and the workplace<\/a>. This analysis focuses specifically on the 10 highest-paying occupations. Combined, only about 3% of all U.S. workers are employed in these occupations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The employment analysis uses data from the decennial census and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\">American Community Survey<\/a> (ACS). The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample of more than 3 million addresses. Collected by the U.S. Census Bureau since 2001, it covers the topics previously included in the long form of the decennial census. The ACS is designed to provide estimates of the size and characteristics of the nation\u2019s resident population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The microdata files used for this analysis are from the <a href=\"https:\/\/usa.ipums.org\/usa\/index.shtml\">Integrated Public Use Microdata Series<\/a> (IPUMS) from the University of Minnesota. IPUMS standardizes variable names and coding across years as much as possible, making it easier to analyze data over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consistent data on the employment of chief executives and public administrators is not available before 2000. The 10 highest paid occupations were identified on the basis of median earnings in the 2021 ACS. The earnings of employed Americans ages 16 and older in the civilian non-institutionalized population were analyzed. The occupational classification used the IPUMS variable <a href=\"https:\/\/usa.ipums.org\/usa-action\/variables\/OCC1990#description_section\">OCC1990<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bureau of Labor Statistics\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/stats.bls.gov\/ooh\/\">Occupational Outlook Handbook<\/a> specifies the typical entry-level education required for employment in an occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shares of women receiving degrees in various fields each academic year are based on the <a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ipeds\">Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System<\/a> (IPEDS) from the National Center for Education Statistics. Most of the data on degrees conferred is available in published tables in the <a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/\">Digest of Education Statistics<\/a>. The shares of women obtaining Doctor of Pharmacy degrees for academic years 1980 to 2009 can be found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/50851252_The_Pharmacy_Student_Population_Applications_Received_2008-09_Degrees_Conferred_2008-09_Fall_2009_Enrollments\">American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education<\/a>. Women\u2019s share among Doctor of Pharmacy recipients only includes those who earned Pharm.D. 1 degrees \u2013 Doctor of Pharmacy degrees awarded as the first professional degree. The share does not include those who earned Ph.D.s or Pharm.D. 2 degrees.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9580\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/sr_23-11-02_women-high-paying-jobs_1-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e5e9e8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_1.png?resize=480,695 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_1.png?resize=782,1132 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_1.png?resize=840,1216 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"926\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_1.png?w=640\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that, since 1980, women have increased their presence in most of the 10 highest-paying occupations in the U.S.\" class=\"wp-image-9580 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e5e9e8; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, women remain the minority in nine of the 10 highest-paying occupations. The exception is pharmacists, 61% of whom are women. More broadly, the share of women across all 10 of these occupations (35%) remains well below their share of the overall U.S. workforce (47%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Workers in the 10 highest-paying occupations typically earn more than $100,000 a year, over twice the national average of $41,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"where-women-have-made-the-most-and-least-progress\">Where women have made the most \u2013 and least \u2013 progress<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women\u2019s presence has changed more noticeably in some of these occupations than in others. Since 1980, the share of women dentists has more than quadrupled (from 7% to 33%), while the share of women physicians has roughly tripled (from 13% to 38%). The share of lawyers who are women has risen from 14% to 40%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shares of women working in high-paying engineering fields have increased by smaller margins since 1980: Women make up less than 10% of sales engineers and petroleum, mining and geological engineers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, only 7% of airplane pilots and navigators are women, against 2% in 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"women-have-gained-ground-in-completion-of-advanced-degrees\">Women have gained ground in completion of advanced degrees<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9583\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/sr_23-11-02_women-high-paying-jobs_2-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e7e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_2.png?resize=480,434 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_2.png?resize=782,708 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_2.png?resize=840,760 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"579\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_2.png?w=640\" alt=\"A table showing that many high-paying occupations in U.S. require specialized degrees.\" class=\"wp-image-9583 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e7e7; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of these high-paying occupations \u2013 including physicians, lawyers, dentists and pharmacists \u2013 require specialized graduate degrees. One way that women have increased their presence in high-paying occupations is by increasingly earning degrees that are required for these jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women now make up about half of those receiving the following advanced degrees:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Juris Doctor (J.D.):<\/strong> 52% of recipients today are women, versus 30% in 1980<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.D.S. or D.M.D.):<\/strong> 51% of recipients are women, versus 13% in 1980<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Doctor of Medicine (M.D.):<\/strong> 50% of recipients are women, versus 23% in 1980&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women now also earn 63% of Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degrees \u2013 similar to their share of workers in the pharmacist occupation (61%). Pharmacists are also the only occupation in the top 10 where women make up the majority. This could be because the field offers flexible work hours, a collaborative environment and family-friendly policies, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/goldin\/publications\/most-egalitarian-profession-pharmacy-and-evolution-family-friendly-occupation\">economic research<\/a>. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide is-resized\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9586\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/sr_23-11-02_women-high-paying-jobs_3-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_3.png?resize=480,366 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_3.png?resize=782,596 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_3.png?resize=960,732 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_3.png?resize=1200,915 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_3.png?resize=1280,976 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"488\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_3.png?w=640\" alt=\"A line chart showing that the share of U.S. women receiving a dentistry degree has quadrupled since 1980.\" class=\"wp-image-9586 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f2; width:640px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, women remain in the minority among those receiving certain bachelor\u2019s degrees required for some high-paying occupations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-9591\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/sr_23-11-02_women-high-paying-jobs_4-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"dee5e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"860\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_4.png?resize=480,666 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_4.png?resize=620,860 620w\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_4.png?w=620\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that women remain the minority among those receiving certain STEM degrees.\" class=\"wp-image-9591 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dee5e3; width:310px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mathematics or statistics:<\/strong> 42% of recipients today are women, unchanged from 1980<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Physics:<\/strong> 25% of recipients are women, versus 13% in 1980<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Engineering:<\/strong> 23% of recipients are women, versus 9% in 1980<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outside of undergraduate major selection, there are other reasons women may experience barriers to entering high-paying occupations, even as they achieve parity in many advanced degree programs. Gender differences in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/04\/13\/in-a-growing-share-of-u-s-marriages-husbands-and-wives-earn-about-the-same\/\">household and parenting responsibilities<\/a> may play a role, as could <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2018\/01\/09\/women-and-men-in-stem-often-at-odds-over-workplace-equity\/\">gender discrimination<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women now make up 35% of workers in the United States\u2019 10 highest-paying occupations \u2013 up from 13% in 1980. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":658,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2023-11-02T19:09:19Z","apple_news_api_id":"1a9f28c2-d161-4687-96f9-c259db70b7d8","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2023-11-02T19:09:19Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AGp8owtFhRoeW-cJZ23C32A","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[{"key":"_j56t4ebus","termId":638},{"key":"_s1e9ivq0l","termId":984}],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[210,213,247],"bylines":[638,984],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[519],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-7850","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","hentry","category-economics-work-gender","category-education-gender","category-gender-work","bylines-kiley-hurst","bylines-richard-fry","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-social-trends"],"label":"Short Read","post_parent":0,"word_count":789,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/11\/02\/women-have-gained-ground-in-the-nations-highest-paying-occupations-but-still-lag-behind-men\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":9594,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/11\/SR_23.11.02_women-high-paying-jobs_feature.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"(Abraham Gonzalez 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