{"id":197531,"date":"2025-01-16T14:55:52","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T19:55:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?post_type=short-read&#038;p=197531"},"modified":"2025-01-21T10:04:42","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T15:04:42","slug":"age-and-generation-in-the-119th-congress-somewhat-younger-with-fewer-boomers-and-more-gen-xers","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/01\/16\/age-and-generation-in-the-119th-congress-somewhat-younger-with-fewer-boomers-and-more-gen-xers\/","title":{"rendered":"Age and generation in the 119th Congress: Somewhat younger, with fewer Boomers and more Gen Xers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The U.S. Congress is getting younger \u2013 on the whole, at least \u2013 according to a Pew Research Center analysis of representatives and senators in the new 119th Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The median age of voting members of the House of Representatives is now 57.5 years.<\/strong> That\u2019s down from 57.9 at <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/01\/30\/house-gets-younger-senate-gets-older-a-look-at-the-age-and-generation-of-lawmakers-in-the-118th-congress\/\">the start of the 118th Congress <\/a>(2023-25), 58.9 in the 117th Congress (2021-23), 58.0 in the 116th (2019-21) and 58.4 in the 115th (2017-19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Senate, following the death or retirement of some of its oldest members, has reversed its aging trend.<strong> The new Senate\u2019s median age is 64.7 years, down from 65.3 at the start of the previous Congress.<\/strong> The median age of the Senate had previously risen for three Congresses in a row: from 62.4 (115th) to 63.6 (116th), to 64.8 (117th) and to 65.3 (118th).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=197539\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae9e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae9e3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" height=\"452\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?w=640\" alt=\"A chart showing the the 119th Congress by age and generation.\" class=\"wp-image-197539 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=300,212 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=768,542 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=1024,723 1024w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=573,405 573w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=200,141 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=260,184 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=310,219 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=420,297 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=640,452 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=740,523 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=160,113 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_1.png?resize=320,226 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis of the newly seated House and Senate includes members who were sworn in on Jan. 3, 2025, the first day of the new Congress. It does not include <a href=\"https:\/\/westvirginiawatch.com\/briefs\/west-virginias-former-governor-justice-takes-senate-oath-of-office\/\">West Virginia Sen. Jim Justice<\/a>, who was sworn in on Jan. 14.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to determine the age and generational makeup of the 119th Congress, including how it differs from that of prior Congresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this analysis, we obtained ages and birthdates of all senators and representatives in the 119th Congress as of Jan. 3, 2025, the first day of the new Congress. Our main source was the online&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bioguide.congress.gov\/search\">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress<\/a>, supplemented by other sources such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/new-members-guide-2025\/\">The Hill\u2019s new members guide<\/a>, directories of state officials and campaign websites. For newly elected members, we also reached out directly to their campaigns for confirmation. Historical data for the 115th, 116th, 117th and 118th Congresses came from prior Center analyses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the 119th Congress, our analysis reflects the ages of 533 voting members as of Jan. 3, 2025. The count does not include <a href=\"https:\/\/westvirginiawatch.com\/briefs\/west-virginias-former-governor-justice-takes-senate-oath-of-office\/\">West Virginia Sen. Jim Justice<\/a>, who was sworn in on Jan. 14. Florida\u2019s 1st District seat, vacant after Republican Matt Gaetz said he would <a href=\"https:\/\/rollcall.com\/2024\/11\/22\/matt-gaetz-congress-resign-special-election\/\">decline to take the seat<\/a> he won in November 2024, won\u2019t be filled until an April 1 special election and is excluded from all calculations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term \u201cfreshmen\u201d refers only to lawmakers elected to their chamber for the first time this past November. Independent members of Congress are counted with the party they caucus with.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/01\/30\/house-gets-younger-senate-gets-older-a-look-at-the-age-and-generation-of-lawmakers-in-the-118th-congress\/\">118th Congress<\/a>, the analysis reflects the ages of 534 voting members as of Jan. 3, 2023 (except for Sen. Pete Ricketts, R-Neb., who was included despite not being seated until Jan. 23, 2023). For the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/02\/12\/boomers-silents-still-have-most-seats-in-congress-though-number-of-millennials-gen-xers-is-up-slightly\/\">117th Congress<\/a>, the analysis reflects the 532 voting members seated as of Feb. 8, 2021, and ages were as of that date. For the 116th Congress, the generational makeup of the House was calculated as shares of the 432 seats called as of Nov. 21, 2018; ages were effective Jan. 3, 2019. Senate figures were based on all 100 members seated as of Jan. 3, 2019. For the 115th Congress, the analysis reflects the makeup and ages of all 535 voting members as of Jan. 3, 2017.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"newly-elected-members-skew-younger\">Newly elected members skew younger<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=197537\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f3f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"674\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?w=640\" alt=\"A chart showing that first-time House members in both parties have lower median age than incumbents in the chamber.\" class=\"wp-image-197537 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f3f2f2; width:420px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=285,300 285w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=768,808 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=385,405 385w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=200,210 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=260,274 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=310,326 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=420,442 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=640,674 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=740,779 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=160,168 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_2.png?resize=320,337 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sixty-one new House members were elected for the first time in 2024; three others are former congressmen coming back for a second stint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A large majority of the 119th House\u2019s first-time members (48 of 61) are below the chamber\u2019s median age of 57.5. The median age of new representatives is 50.2, compared with 46.3 among new members in the previous Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About half (30) of the first-time members are in their 30s and 40s; the youngest, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/opinion\/msnbc-opinion\/house-rep-brandon-gill-texas-trump-dc-enquirer-rcna184882\">Rep. Brandon Gill<\/a>, R-Texas, will turn 31 in February. At the other end of the age spectrum, two freshman representatives (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2024\/06\/25\/politics\/george-latimer-jamaal-bowman-new-york-16-primary\/index.html\">George Latimer<\/a> of New York and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.houstonpublicmedia.org\/articles\/news\/politics\/election-2024\/2024\/08\/13\/496558\/sylvester-turner-chosen-as-democratic-nominee-for-texas-18th-congressional-district-in-november\/#:~:text=Turner%20was%20the%20oldest%20major%20candidate%20in%20the%20Democratic%20contest%20at%2069%2C%20vying%20to%20succeed%20Jackson%20Lee%2C%20who%20died%20July%2019%20at%20the%20age%20of%2074.\">Sylvester Turner<\/a> of Texas, both Democrats) are in their early 70s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Senate, the 11 new members seated as of Jan. 3 have a median age of 53.9, well below that of the Senate as a whole. Four of the new senators (three Democrats and one Republican) are in their 40s, while one \u2013 Tim Sheehy, R-Mont. \u2013 is in his 30s. Justice, who is 73, became the oldest \u201cfreshman\u201d after he was sworn in on Jan. 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"differences-by-party\">Differences by party<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the House, the 30 newly elected first-time Republican representatives skew a bit older than their 31 Democratic counterparts: The median age of freshmen House Republicans is 51.7, compared with 50.2 for first-time Democrats in that chamber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, the median age of House Democrats is 57.6, while the median age of House Republicans is 57.5. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Senate, the median age of all Democrats is 66.0, a bit higher than the median for Republicans (64.5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"new-congress-has-more-millennials-and-gen-xers-and-fewer-boomers\">New Congress has more Millennials and Gen Xers \u2013 and fewer Boomers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=197538\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2eae5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"849\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?w=640\" alt=\"A stacked bar chart showing that younger generations make up growing share of Congress, especially in the House.\" class=\"wp-image-197538 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2eae5; width:420px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=226,300 226w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=768,1019 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=772,1024 772w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=305,405 305w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=200,265 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=260,345 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=310,411 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=420,557 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=640,849 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=740,981 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=160,212 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/01\/SR_25.01.16_age-of-congress_3.png?resize=320,424 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another way to look at the age of the new Congress is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2019\/01\/17\/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins\/\">through the lens of generation<\/a>. And this year marks a notable generational transition: <strong>Baby Boomers are<\/strong> <strong>no longer the largest generation in the House. <\/strong>As recently as two Congresses ago, Boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) were a majority of both senators and representatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the first day of the 119th Congress, Boomers still comprised a solid majority of the Senate (60 out of 99 senators) but accounted for just 170 House members, or 39%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gen-x-takes-the-house\">Gen X takes the House<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In the House, the largest generation is now Generation X (born between 1965 and 1980), with 180 members, or 41%. <\/strong>Sixty-six representatives, or 15%, are Millennials (1981-96); and 17, or 4%, belong to the Silent Generation (1928-45). One representative, Florida Democrat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2024\/11\/15\/maxwell-frost-gen-z-congress-leadership\">Maxwell Frost<\/a>, belongs to Generation Z (those born after 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some other generational trends:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Among the House\u2019s 61 freshman lawmakers, 35 are Gen Xers, 19 are Millennials and seven are Boomers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Republicans outnumber Democrats among Xers (94 to 86) and Boomers (89 to 81). Democrats predominate among the Silents (13 to 4), while Millennials are nearly evenly split (34 Democrats, 32 Republicans).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"boomers-keep-the-senate\">Boomers keep the Senate<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over in the Senate, there are only 28 Gen Xers, along with six Silents and five Millennials. Since the minimum age to be a senator is 30, no Gen Zers are yet eligible to serve there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, as of Jan. 3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>About half of the 11 newly elected senators (six) are Xers, while three are Boomers and two are Millennials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As in the House, Republicans outnumber Democrats among Boomers (31 to 29) and Xers (15 to 13). Three Millennial senators are Republicans and two are Democrats; the six Silent Generation senators are split evenly between the parties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The changing generational profile of Congress is linked to other shifts on Capitol Hill. For example, the slow decline in lawmakers who are members of the Baby Boom or Silent generations \u2013 many of whom came of age during the U.S. military engagements in Korea and Vietnam \u2013 has accompanied a\u00a0long-term decrease in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.militarytimes.com\/news\/pentagon-congress\/2025\/01\/02\/breaking-down-the-number-of-veterans-in-the-119th-congress\/\">the share of legislators who are veterans<\/a>. And the arrival of younger generations of lawmakers has brought additional changes, including\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2025\/01\/21\/119th-congress-brings-new-growth-in-racial-ethnic-diversity-to-capitol-hill\/\">growing racial and ethnic diversity in Congress<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The median age of voting members of the House of Representatives is now 57.5 years, while the Senate&#8217;s median age is 64.7 years.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":658,"featured_media":197536,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2025-01-16T19:56:14Z","apple_news_api_id":"ce820f03-0d61-493f-ab04-b04cd44008b1","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2025-01-21T15:04:48Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AzoIPAw1hST-rBLBM1EAIsQ","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[205,79,197],"bylines":[842],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[515],"research-teams":[],"class_list":["post-197531","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-age","category-congress","category-generations","bylines-drew-desilver","formats-short-read","regions-countries-united-states"],"label":"Short 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