{"id":171828,"date":"2024-07-08T12:05:19","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T16:05:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?post_type=short-read&#038;p=171828"},"modified":"2024-07-08T12:05:20","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T16:05:20","slug":"in-some-countries-immigration-accounted-for-all-population-growth-between-2000-and-2020","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/07\/08\/in-some-countries-immigration-accounted-for-all-population-growth-between-2000-and-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"In some countries, immigration accounted for all population growth between 2000 and 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><img data-dominant-color=\"866356\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #866356;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"360\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"Syrian refugees wait to register at the Erding Air Base in Germany on Jan. 31, 2016.  (Andreas Gebert\/dpa\/AFP via Getty Images)\" class=\"wp-image-180353 not-transparent\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Syrian refugees wait to register at the Erding Air Base in Germany on Jan. 31, 2016.  (Andreas Gebert\/dpa\/AFP via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The global population ballooned by about 1.7 billion people between 2000 and 2020. But growth was uneven around the world and, in some places, immigration played a key role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 14 countries and territories, in fact, immigration accounted for more than 100% of population growth during this period, meaning that populations there would have declined if not for the arrival of new immigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 17 other countries, populations <em>did<\/em> decline between 2000 and 2020. But the decreases were smaller than they otherwise would have been due to growth in these countries\u2019 immigrant populations.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Pew Research Center analysis examines the places globally where immigration accounted for all population growth between 2000 and 2020, or where immigration helped avoid larger population losses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis is based on changes in overall country populations and their foreign-born (immigrant) populations. Overall population change is calculated based on 2000 and 2020 population estimates in the 2022 update to the United Nations\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/\">World Population Prospects<\/a>. Total fertility rates and median ages as of 2020 also come from this publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Changes in immigrant populations come from the UN\u2019s 2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock\">migrant stock estimates<\/a> for 2000 and 2020. We subtract immigrant population change from overall population change to show how overall populations would have changed without changes in immigrant populations. Migrant stocks, as opposed to migrant flows, measure the total foreign-born population in a country, rather than only recent arrivals. The differences between migrants from 2000 to 2020 are therefore due not only to new immigration, but also due to deaths and departures of earlier immigrants.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The places where populations grew only through immigration between 2000 and 2020 \u2013 and those where population losses were mitigated by immigration \u2013 are geographically scattered. What they tend to have in common is low fertility rates and aging populations. The only way a country\u2019s population can increase, aside from having more births than deaths, is through immigration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Population decline can be a challenge for countries experiencing it. When deaths and emigration outnumber births and immigration, countries are left with aging populations and dwindling numbers of working-age people to fill out the labor force and support older adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"where-immigration-staved-off-population-losses\">Where immigration staved off population losses<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The places where immigration accounted for all population growth between 2000 and 2020 range from large countries in Europe to small island nations in the South Pacific.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=180073\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efeeed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_1.png?resize=480,609 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_1.png?resize=782,992 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_1.png?resize=840,1066 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"812\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_1.png?w=640\" alt=\"A table showing that new immigration reversed population loss in some countries over last 2 decades.\" class=\"wp-image-180073 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efeeed; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Germany\u2019s <\/strong>population grew by 1.7 million people between 2000 and 2020. But it would have shrunk by more than 5 million people without the arrival of new immigrants. During these years, many new immigrants arrived in Germany from Poland, Syria, Kazakhstan and Romania. Women in Germany have 1.5 children on average \u2013 far below the fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman needed for each generation to replace itself \u2013 and half of people in Germany are older than 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Italy\u2019s <\/strong>population grew by 2.7 million people between 2000 and 2020. However, if not for immigration from places like Romania, Ukraine and Albania, Italy\u2019s population would have declined by 1.6 million people. Italy\u2019s fertility rate is only 1.3 children per woman and its median age is 46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the<strong> Czech Republic<\/strong>, the overall population grew by 300,000 in 20 years, but immigrants again accounted for all growth. Without new immigrants \u2013 many of whom came from other European countries \u2013 the Czech population would have shrunk by more than 20,000. As of 2020, women in the Czech Republic had an average of 1.7 children, while the country\u2019s median age was 42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Portugal\u2019s <\/strong>population grew modestly between 2000 and 2020 \u2013 by fewer than 40,000 people<strong> \u2013<\/strong> but it would have shrunk by more than 310,000 people without new immigrant arrivals. Many migrants to Portugal were born in Angola, Brazil or France. Portugal\u2019s fertility rate is 1.4 and its median age is 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apart from Europe, immigration also played an important role in avoiding population losses elsewhere in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The population of the<strong> United Arab Emirates <\/strong>grew by 6.1 million people between 2000 and 2020 but would have declined by 210,000 without new immigrants. Many of the UAE\u2019s new arrivals were from South Asian countries or Egypt. The average woman in the UAE has 1.5 children, while the country\u2019s median age is 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several smaller countries and territories were also spared population decline only through the arrival of new immigrants. Aruba, the Cook Islands, Curacao, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Sint Maarten and Tokelau were all in this category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"where-immigration-mitigated-population-losses\">Where immigration mitigated population losses<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 17 other countries and territories, populations declined between 2000 and 2020 but would have dropped even more \u2013 in some cases <em>much<\/em> more \u2013 without growth in their immigrant populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=180074\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_2.png?resize=480,696 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_2.png?resize=782,1134 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_2.png?resize=840,1218 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"928\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_2.png?w=640\" alt=\"A table showing that, in some countries, new immigration curbed population loss from 2000-20.\" class=\"wp-image-180074 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefed; width:420px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>Japan<\/strong>, fertility rates have plummeted to an average of only 1.3 children per woman and the median age is now 48. More people are dying each year than are being born, and Japan\u2019s population declined by over 1.1 million people between 2000 and 2020. However, Japan\u2019s population would have fallen by twice as much (2.2 million people) during this period if not for the arrival of new immigrants. During these years, the foreign-born population of Japan grew from 1.7 million to 2.8 million. Many immigrants to Japan have come from China, South Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Romania\u2019s<\/strong> population shrank by about 2.5 million between 2000 and2020 but would have declined by more than 3 million if not for new immigrants, many of whom are from Moldova. Romania has a fertility rate of 1.7 and a median age of 42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Greece\u2019s <\/strong>population declined by about 500,000 people between 2000 and 2020. But it would have decreased by 700,000 if not for an increase in the country\u2019s foreign-born population. Similarly, <strong>Hungary\u2019s <\/strong>population shrank by 440,000 \u2013 but would have fallen by 730,000 without new immigrants. Both countries have low fertility rates and older populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other countries where populations declined, immigrant populations did not increase between 2000 and 2020. This can happen when deaths and departures among earlier immigrants outnumber new immigrant arrivals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"causes-and-consequences-of-population-decline\">Causes and consequences of population decline<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Around the world, women are having fewer children. Women have increasingly put off or forgone childbearing as their average years of education increase, rates of workforce participation climb, and reliable family planning methods become more accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, the total fertility rate \u2013 the number of children born to an average woman \u2013 declined from 2.7 to 2.3 between 2000 and 2020, a sizable drop in only two decades. It takes an average of about 2.1 children per woman for each generation to replace itself. Naturally, populations age as birth rates dwindle. During these years, the world\u2019s median age increased from 25 to 30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While fertility is declining all over the world, the impact on population change is uneven. Women still have an average of more than six children in a few African countries, while the average woman in South Korea and Singapore now has less than one child. Median ages, meanwhile, range from 14 in Niger to older than 50 in Monaco and the Vatican.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 14 countries and territories, immigration accounted for more than 100% of population growth during this period.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":658,"featured_media":180353,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2024-07-08T16:05:38Z","apple_news_api_id":"735f63c9-107e-4e4f-9eec-15a0fa36c2ac","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2024-07-08T16:05:38Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/Ac19jyRB-Tk-e7BWg-jbCrA","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"relatedPosts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[{"key":"_hdsyy5ne9","termId":871}],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[384,107],"bylines":[871],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[467],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[507,516,504,514,505],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-171828","short-read","type-short-read","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-immigrant-populations","category-migration-issues","bylines-stephanie-kramer","formats-short-read","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-germany","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","research-teams-religion"],"label":"Short Read","post_parent":0,"word_count":1112,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/07\/08\/in-some-countries-immigration-accounted-for-all-population-growth-between-2000-and-2020\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":180353,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/07\/SR_24.07.08_pop-growth_feature.jpg?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"Syrian refugees wait to register at the Erding Air Base in Germany on Jan. 31, 2016.  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