{"id":13302,"date":"2015-08-14T07:00:44","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T12:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/%year%\/%monthnum%\/%day%\/why-the-former-ussr-has-far-fewer-men-than-women\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T03:19:28","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T08:19:28","slug":"why-the-former-ussr-has-far-fewer-men-than-women","status":"publish","type":"short-read","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2015\/08\/14\/why-the-former-ussr-has-far-fewer-men-than-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Why the former USSR has far fewer men than women"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2015\/08\/14\/why-the-former-ussr-has-far-fewer-men-than-women\/ft_15-08-06_sexratio_map_2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-272419\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2e6e5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2e6e5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"575\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-24582 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png\" alt=\"Global Gender Ratios in 2015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=300,270 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=451,405 451w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=200,180 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=260,234 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=310,279 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=420,377 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=160,144 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Map_2.png?resize=320,288 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2015\/08\/14\/why-the-former-ussr-has-far-fewer-men-than-women\/ft_15-08-06_sexratio_menwomen\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-272420\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ece9e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ece9e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"520\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" class=\"wp-image-24586 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_menWomen.png\" alt=\"Where Women Outnumber Men in 2015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_menWomen.png 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_menWomen.png?resize=115,300 115w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_menWomen.png?resize=156,405 156w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_menWomen.png?resize=123,320 123w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In our\u00a0map above, countries depicted in the darkest blues have far\u00a0fewer men than women\u00a0\u2013 and the former Soviet Union stands out from the rest of the world.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This region has been predominantly female since at least World War\u00a0II, when many Soviet men died in battle or left\u00a0the country to fight. In 1950, there were just 76.6 men per 100 women in the territory\u00a0that is now Russia. That number rose steadily in\u00a0subsequent decades, climbing to\u00a088.4 by 1995 before declining again.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gender ratio in Russia is currently 86.8 men per 100 women, and the ratios in Latvia (84.8), Ukraine (86.3), Armenia (86.5), Belarus (86.8)\u00a0and\u00a0other former Soviet nations are similarly low.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(By contrast, the ratio in the U.S. is 98.3 men per 100 women, and the global ratio is 101.8 men per 100 women, <a href=\"http:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/\">according to 2015 United Nations data<\/a>. The U.S. has been more female than male since at least 1950, while\u00a0the global population first became\u00a0majority male around 1960.)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So what are the factors that set the former Soviet bloc\u00a0apart?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The population in Russia and the former USSR as a whole is older than that of the world. Most\u00a0of these nations, including the most populous, also have low fertility rates compared with the global average. This <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=272401\">skews the population&#8217;s gender ratio<\/a> because older people are more likely to be\u00a0female, while more younger people are\u00a0male.<!--more--><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"adjusting-for-age-another-way-to-look-at-global-gender-ratios\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;adjusting-for-age-another-way-to-look-at-global-gender-ratios&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Adjusting for age: Another way to look at global gender ratios<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\"><figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2015\/08\/14\/why-the-former-ussr-has-far-fewer-men-than-women\/ft_15-08-06_sexratio_age-groups\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-272401\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0eee7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0eee7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"474\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" class=\"wp-image-24577 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png\" alt=\"FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age Groups\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png 311w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png?resize=197,300 197w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png?resize=266,405 266w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png?resize=200,305 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png?resize=260,396 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png?resize=310,472 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_Age-Groups.png?resize=160,244 160w\" \/><\/a><\/figure><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Research over hundreds of years\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2013\/09\/24\/the-odds-that-you-will-give-birth-to-a-boy-or-girl-depend-on-where-in-the-world-you-live\/\">shows that boys naturally outnumber girls at birth<\/a>. Historically, there have been about 105 boys born for every 100 girls, and this leads to more males than females in younger age groups. At the same time, women have lower premature mortality rates than men and tend to live longer, leading to a higher number of older females than older males.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We\u00a0created an\u00a0alternative list of <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2015\/08\/Age-Adjusted-Gender-Ratios-For-Public.xlsx\">age-standardized gender ratios (.xlsx)\u00a0<\/a>for each country (though we didn&#8217;t use it in the analysis for this post) by weighting the gender ratios so that\u00a0each country has\u00a0an age distribution more closely aligned with\u00a0the world\u2019s age distribution overall. After the adjustments, former USSR\u00a0nations disappeared from the list\u00a0of top 15 countries that have the fewest number of men per women. That\u2019s because the Soviet bloc is older than much of the world, skewing its\u00a0population more female.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=272421\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae5e2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae5e2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"513\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" class=\"wp-image-24590 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_gaps.png\" alt=\"Where Women Outlive Men the Longest\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_gaps.png 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_gaps.png?resize=117,300 117w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_gaps.png?resize=158,405 158w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2015\/08\/FT_15.08.06_SexRatio_gaps.png?resize=125,320 125w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Younger men\u00a0in the former Soviet Union\u00a0also have an unusually high mortality rate, which has widened the population\u2019s gender imbalance. One way to see this is to look at the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/sustdev\/natlinfo\/indicators\/methodology_sheets\/health\/life_expectancy.pdf\">life expectancy<\/a>\u00a0of men and women and the differences between those numbers.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russian women born from 2010\u00a0to\u00a02015 are expected to live to age 75.6, while Russian men are expected to live to age 64.2, a gap of 11.4 years. Other former USSR countries, such as Belarus, Ukraine\u00a0and\u00a0Latvia, have similarly high gaps, with many men in this area losing their lives to alcohol-related incidents, suicides and diseases, among other causes (as noted by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/10\/03\/AR2008100301976.html\">demographer Murray Feshbach<\/a>). The only nation with a higher life-expectancy gap between genders is war-torn Syria.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alcoholism has long been a problem in the former USSR, especially for young men. A 2014 study in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(13)62247-3\/fulltext\"><em>The Lancet<\/em> medical journal<\/a> found evidence that excess vodka use\u00a0is a top killer in Russia, responsible for a disproportionate amount of deaths among Russian men. And a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2014\/02\/06\/russias-moral-barometer-homosexuality-unacceptable-but-drinking-less-so\/\">2013 Pew Research Center survey<\/a> found a stark gender divide on attitudes toward drinking in Russian society: 52% of women believe that drinking alcohol is morally unacceptable, compared with just 36% of men who say the same.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This region in Eastern Europe has been predominately female since at least 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