ii. The Internet in Low-Income Neighborhoods<\/strong> <\/p>\n\nLike most cities, Cleveland has a well-developed system of public access points for the Internet.\u00a0 Between CDCs and access points in the library system, there are approximately 150 computers with Internet access publicly available throughout the city.\u00a0 However, mere access to the Internet is usually not thought to be sufficient in encouraging extensive Internet use, particularly in low-income neighborhoods.\u00a0 Models for rolling out the Internet to the underserved remain unsettled around the country.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
In Cleveland, Bill Callahan of the West Side CDC is the most prominent community-computing activist, and he has clear ideas about the Internet\u2019s role in a community. The explicit goals behind his programs are to increase community activism, provide greater economic opportunity for individuals, and improve communication within his community.\u00a0 Callahan proceeds from the premise that there is no reason to think that low-income people learn about the Internet any differently from higher-income people.\u00a0 The latter might have first gotten Internet access at work or at a university.\u00a0 Low-income people learn about the Internet from family and friends and, most important, must have a good reason to go online.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
Although Callahan hopes that Internet access will eventually lead to community activism, his immediate goal is to provide job skills.\u00a0 Some of this involves formal training, but Callahan believes that making the Internet part of the fabric of the community is necessary as well.\u00a0 In the Stockyards neighborhood, people tinker with cars; it is a social phenomenon, as people gather together to fix up an old car.\u00a0 It is also an economic phenomenon, as the neighborhood\u2019s informal economy revolves around lots of car \u201cfix it\u201d businesses that bring in extra cash. Callahan wants people to be as comfortable going online as they are with opening the hood of their car; by giving people enough training, he hopes to foster a culture of computer tinkering in the Stockyards. Callahan was the \u201ccommunity help desk\u201d when he introduced computers to his community center five years ago; people with home computers turned to him because they felt he was the most knowledgeable person around.\u00a0 Today, residents know of several other people they can turn to for technical help.<\/p>\n\n
At the Westtown Community Development Corporation, computers have been part of the mission for the past 18 months.\u00a0 According to Westtown CDC Director Lou Tisler, it has been slow going.\u00a0 The neighborhood is largely elderly and working class; some people\u2014often older ones\u2014are afraid of the technology, and others, often younger, simply do not see why the Internet and computers are important to them.\u00a0 But as Westtown has obtained more computers, interest has grown.\u00a0 Computer and Internet training are available, and at least one person nearby runs a Web design business out of his home. In 2001, Tisler hopes to expand Westtown\u2019s after-school computer program for kids and build upon a small core of highly engaged senior citizens who use the Internet.<\/p>\n\n
Asked how the Internet has affected their communities, Callahan and Tisler said it has brought new people into their community centers.\u00a0 This, in turn, has fostered new relationships.\u00a0 Many people exhibit genuine excitement about the Internet and some are using it to make extra money, although Callahan emphasizes that a key goal is to have people certified in programming or computer repair to permanently increase their employment prospects.\u00a0 Some of the early Internet activities in Cleveland neighborhoods amount to people emailing their neighbors.\u00a0 But, says Callahan, anything that increases communication among people in the neighborhood is bound to be beneficial.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
iii. The Digital Vision Coalition<\/strong> <\/p>\n\nIn October 2000, the Cleveland City Council took action to address the issue of long-term funding for community computing projects in Cleveland.\u00a0 Adelphia Communications\u2019 acquisition of Cablevision Systems, which had been the main cable operator in Cleveland, required the transfer of the city-granted franchise from Cablevision to Adelphia.\u00a0 Under the terms of the transfer, Adelphia will donate $5.5 million to the City, $1 million for the city channel that broadcast council and other public meetings, $1.5 million to a minority affairs station, and $3 million for computer access centers.\u00a0 According to Michael O\u2019Malley, the council member who took the lead on the computer access provision, Callahan\u2019s West Side Community Computer Center is the model for programs to be funded under the plan.\u00a0 The Cleveland Foundation will administer the $3 million fund.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
The Council\u2019s action was the outgrowth of lobbying by Digital Vision, a group of community activists who see computer access as a way to address economic inequality. The specific proposal for channeling a portion of cable access fees to community access projects came from a conference in early 2000 that brought together community leaders and national specialists in community technology access.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
The notion of using cable franchise fees for community purposes is not unique (Servon, 1999).\u00a0 However, the action is notable for Cleveland, where until recently City Hall has paid little attention to the digital divide and the Internet.\u00a0 The city lacks a unified domain name for city workers\u2019 email addresses, and department Web pages are little more than brochures and directories.\u00a0 The Digital Vision coalition has stimulated new debate in the city and is in a position to build bridges between low-income neighborhoods and the traditional economic development community.\u00a0 Since the success on cable fees, Digital Vision has worked with the Cleveland Growth Association (essentially the chamber of commerce) to run computer boot camps to train people without degrees for jobs in the technology sector.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
The Internet and Cleveland\u2019s Economy<\/h3>\n\n
Cleveland has had few dot-com start-ups, but the city believes it is well positioned to be a smart close follower as the Internet matures.\u00a0 According to a survey conducted by Ecom-Ohio, only about 15 percent of Ohio businesses had a Web site in November 1999, placing Cleveland below the national average.\u00a0 As one regional business magazine put it, there is a fear in the area that \u201ca lot of companies are turning a deaf ear to the Internet\u2019s siren song.\u201d\u00a0 However, the past year has seen a number of initiatives to hasten Cleveland\u2019s transition to the New Economy.\u00a0 Among economic development officials, there is widespread agreement that Cleveland\u2019s large companies finally \u201cget it\u201d about the reality of the New Economy.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
In particular, Cleveland sees opportunities in business-to-business electronic commerce.\u00a0 Economic development officials are fond of quoting a February 2000 report from Forrester Research that says: <\/p>\n\n
[electronic]<\/p>\n\n\n
With intimate knowledge of manufacturing systems and where their inefficiencies are, Cleveland foresees developing a cluster of ecommerce vendors to serve large manufacturers such as Eaton, TRW, and Ford.\u00a0 Between \u201centrepreneur boot camps,\u201d establishment of networks of angel financiers for start-ups, technology incubators, and telehotels, Cleveland is optimistically playing catch-up in the New Economy.<\/p>\n\n
i. Creating an Entrepreneurial Environment<\/strong> <\/p>\n\nCleveland\u2019s strategy in adapting to the New Economy centers on exploiting its existing economic assets and improving the climate for business start-ups.\u00a0 At a conference at Case Western Reserve University in early 1999, economic development officials and representatives from the private sector acknowledged that Cleveland has lagged behind the national norm in many measures of the New Economy.\u00a0 When it comes to initial public offerings (IPOs), Cleveland ranked 18th<\/sup> nationally from 1988 to 1996, compared with its population rank of 14th<\/sup>, and only one of the thirty-nine IPOs was related to the computer industry.\u00a0 Moreover, the Cleveland-Akron area ranks below the national average in educational attainment.\u00a0 While there are prestigious universities in the area and throughout the state, Cleveland has a difficult time keeping young brains at home.\u00a0 A challenge to reversing these trends is the state\u2019s fragmented civic leadership; as Roderick Chu, the chancellor of Ohio State University, observed \u201cthere is no state<\/i> of Ohio\u201d that might move in concert to facilitate economic change.<\/p>\n\nNotwithstanding these statewide issues, leaders of Cleveland\u2019s business community are searching for ways to promote greater entrepreneurial spirit in the region.\u00a0 One initiative is the Seed Capital Initiative spearheaded by the Northeast Ohio Software Association (NEOSA).\u00a0 The objective is to bring wealthy individuals in the Cleveland area interested in investing in start-ups together with New Economy entrepreneurs looking for funding.\u00a0 A challenge to this sort of matchmaking is the gulf between established wealth and New Economy businesspeople.\u00a0 Much of Cleveland\u2019s wealth has come from manufacturing tangible goods; people in this sector are more inclined to invest in businesses they understand, not dot.com start-ups whose business models are radically different from their business experience.\u00a0 Boake Sells, former head of the Revco drugstore chain, has invested in several dot.com start-ups, but he says he is hesitant to invest when business plans are sent to him because he lacks expertise in assessing them (Crain\u2019s, May 15-21, 2000).\u00a0 Sells acknowledges that there is not yet a critical mass of angel investors for the New Economy in Cleveland.\u00a0 Angel networks usually build on the success of a few highly successful start-ups; absent those successes, it is difficult to set the investment cycle in motion.<\/p>\n\n
In addition to the Seed Capital Initiative, NEOSA has sponsored an \u201cEntrepreNerd Boot Camp\u201d to give potential entrepreneurs the tools to bring technology ideas to the market.\u00a0 Entrepreneurs often do not have the business skills to match their technical prowess, and the boot camp provides information on how to develop a business plan, how to manage a growing business, how to develop partnerships with other businesses, and where to find capital to start the business. NEOSA also sponsors a regular happy hour open to interested businesspeople.\u00a0 The monthly \u201cTech Thursday\u201d gathering is supplemented by a monthly \u201cNew Horizons\u201d breakfast meeting that is devoted to specific topics, such sales and marketing for start-up firms.<\/p>\n\n
NEOSA is not the sole focal point for entrepreneurial promotion in northeast Ohio.\u00a0 In Lorain County, just west of Cleveland and part of the metro area, the Lorain County Community College (LCCC) has established a technology incubator that college officials hope will serve as the county\u2019s presence in the New Economy.\u00a0 Lorain County\u2019s \u201cDigital Economy Task Force\u201d is chaired by LCCC\u2019s president Roy Church, and the Great Lakes Technology Park will provide a place to nurture business ideas while also providing job opportunities for LCCC students.\u00a0 LCCC has invested $6 million in an engineering, training, and development center for faculty and students.\u00a0 The technology park will be a 57-acre site south of the college to house emerging information technology businesses.\u00a0 At any given time, the incubator will house eight to ten companies, with companies moving out as they mature.<\/p>\n\n
The LCCC incubator will not operate in isolation; indeed Church recognizes that such a strategy would be self-defeating.\u00a0 The Great Lakes Technology Incubator will market itself jointly with NEOSA, which already has established channels to software entrepreneurs in northeast Ohio.\u00a0 The incubator will also work with large companies that may have business ideas that are promising but so peripheral to their core businesses that they want to spin them off.\u00a0 Because the state has well-developed economic development programs, the incubator will coordinate with state programs such as the Thomas Edison Centers.[7.numoffset=”7″ Established in 1983 to encourage the use of technology in the Ohio manufacturing economy, the incubator will try to complement the center\u2019s focus areas, which, in the Cleveland area, include biotechnology and manufacturing technology.] Finally, the incubator will link its tenants to venture capital.\u00a0 This includes not only NEOSA\u2019s seed capital initiative, but other sources around the state as well.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
A tension in Cleveland\u2019s efforts is that the New Economy moves quickly, while the development of a region\u2019s entrepreneurial spirit takes time and patience.\u00a0 In Silicon Valley, for instance, one of the hallmarks of the region\u2019s entrepreneurialism is a high tolerance for failure.\u00a0 Whether a region dominated by fairly conservative manufacturing firms can adapt to the pace and spirit of the New Economy is an open question.\u00a0 Cleveland\u2019s efforts, while promising, would benefit from a big dot.com success to accelerate the pace of adjustment.<\/p>\n\n
\n\n\n
Box 2<\/strong> <\/p>\n Telehotels: Hubs in the Information Economy<\/strong> <\/p>\nAs consumer and business demand for Internet service grows, cities are starting to be affected by the infrastructure requirements of the networks that run the Internet.\u00a0 One prominent phenomenon is the telehotel, is a facility that houses switches, routers, and servers for telecommunications carriers or Internet service providers.\u00a0 Telehotels are not quite on-ramps to the information superhighway; they are more like airports, which provide gates where airlines collect and discharge passengers.\u00a0 Like airlines, different types of \u201cdata movers\u201d demand different numbers of gates.\u00a0 A large telecommunications carrier such as AT&T or MCI might have sufficient demand to build its own airport\u2014a telehotel just for itself.\u00a0 An Internet service provider might only need a few gates, or rooms at the telehotel, to route traffic onto high-speed trunk lines.\u00a0 A dot-com that ships content over the Internet might need to rent only a small amount of space.<\/p>\n
If not built by large telecom carriers, telehotels are frequently conceived as real estate projects.\u00a0 That is, real estate developers purchase an existing office building, retrofit it to house telecommunications equipment, and then rent space to telecom carriers, ISPs, or other companies. Real estate developers are banking on the Internet axiom that data traffic will expand to fill existing bandwidth capacity.\u00a0 The hope is that Internet companies, whether business-to-business or business-to-consumer, will choose to locate near telehotels, or that non-Internet firms with large data needs (e.g. financial institutions) will set up operations nearby.<\/p>\n
Telehotels are an urban phenomenon because they need to be located near abundant bandwidth.\u00a0 The reasons are technical; communication signals degrade over distance, so they need the boost a switch provides.\u00a0 Telehotels also require a lot of space, buildings with high ceilings and sturdy construction, excellent cooling systems, and plentiful and reliable electric power.\u00a0 Old department stores fit this bill nicely.\u00a0 They are spacious, with high ceilings and wide-open floor space, and are fairly easy to retrofit as homes for communications equipment.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
While there is no established geography of telehotels yet, they are springing up in major U.S. cities such as Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, New York, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco.\u00a0 Smaller markets such as Atlanta, Baltimore, Cleveland, Phoenix, Portland, and Seattle have also experienced a surge of development.\u00a0 Because telehotels put to use buildings that have sometimes been abandoned for years, many hail them as a way to revive underused buildings while serving as a magnet for New Economy firms.\u00a0 Some are less sanguine, worrying that buildings filled with humming telecom equipment will populate parts of downtowns and disrupt street life with noisy electric generators.\u00a0Telehotels, it is feared, will exhibit few signs of life and take up scarce office and residential space.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\n ii. Cleveland\u2019s Telehotels<\/strong> <\/p>\n\nOne resource that has made Cleveland an attractive place for telehotels is the gold mine of bandwidth that runs through the city.\u00a0 Cleveland has long been a hub for railroads, and the railroad right-of-way that passes through the city contains an enormous amount of bandwidth.\u00a0\u00a0 According to the Ohio Supercomputer Center, 50,500 megabits per second of bandwidth are available in Cleveland\/Akron area, more than twice the combined bandwidth available in Dayton, Cincinnati, Columbus, and Toledo.\u00a0 This abundance first became evident to city leaders when a fiber cable whose capacity was 40 gigabits of data was accidentally cut near Cleveland in September 1999.\u00a0 The cut slowed data transmission speed dramatically between the East and West Coasts, and effectively shut down the networks of some companies and ISPs.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
Although city officials were unaware of their bounty, the private sector was not.\u00a0 By early 2000 several telehotels were under development downtown, some of them in former department stores.\u00a0 One of the first conversions was the May Company building, an old building near Cleveland\u2019s Public Square.\u00a0 Because of the building\u2019s picturesque fa\u00e7ade, the May Company conversion set off some alarms in City Hall, as there were concerns that the building\u2019s beauty would attract attention to the fact the it lacked any commercial activity.\u00a0 To address this, the Council passed an ordinance aimed at telehotels that required the first floor of downtown buildings to set aside space for retail storefronts.\u00a0 Another prominent telehotel conversion is the upper eight floors of the building that houses Dillard\u2019s Department store on Cleveland\u2019s Public Square.\u00a0 Dillard\u2019s maintains operations on the bottom floors, so the site already complies with the Council ordinance.\u00a0 Several other telecom hotels are under development in Cleveland, some downtown and one on the outskirts of the city.<\/p>\n\n
As an economic development tool, officials at the Cleveland Area Growth Association see telehotels as a way to make Cleveland more attractive to New Economy firms that require bandwidth.\u00a0 By themselves, however, telecom hotels have prompted some anxiety within Cleveland.\u00a0 First, they do not generate many new jobs on their own; it takes a modest number of employees to keep floors of telecom and computer equipment online.\u00a0 Second, telecom hotels are huge consumers of electric power, mostly to cool the buildings so the switching equipment can run properly, and onsite generators are very noisy.\u00a0 Finally, there is concern over the \u201cbuild it and they will come\u201d approach to telehotel development.\u00a0 Some telehotels are built on speculation; if projected demand does not occur, large buildings with idle telecom equipment may adorn the downtown.\u00a0 However, if Cleveland does become a center for business-to-business ecommerce, telecom hotels will be vital infrastructure for business development.\u00a0 In the meantime, long-abandoned buildings are being purchased at a premium and space is being rented out at $16 to $20 per square foot, more than the going rate of $10 to $13 for office space or $5 per square foot in industrial buildings.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
iii. Business-to-Business Ecommerce<\/strong> <\/p>\n\nEstablished manufacturers in Cleveland in the chemical, steel, and automotive sector have made forays into the business-to-business ecommerce sector.\u00a0 In each case, the ecommerce business plan aims at reducing inefficiencies in the supply chain while also providing a \u201cmany buyers\/many sellers\u201d environment in which stiff price competition lowers procurement costs for participants in the electronic exchange.\u00a0 In the steel industry, eWinWin, Inc., was founded in Cleveland with online DealRooms in which suppliers invite potential buyers to review products and negotiate over price.\u00a0 The firm initially included 40 companies from northeast Ohio; the goal is to expand to include the roughly 400 companies in the Steel Service Center Institute trade association.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
Among chemical companies, Geon Corporation, a major polymer manufacturer in Cleveland, has set up GetGeon.com to serve as an ecommerce site for its industrial customers.\u00a0 Its main attraction is automated ordering and order filling, and in its first three months, GetGeon.com processed $10 million in orders.\u00a0 Finally, for automotive suppliers in the area, TRW, Inc., and Eaton, major manufacturers headquartered in Cleveland, have initiated a study to examine how electronic commerce might improve supply-chain management and quicken product delivery.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
The hope is that these initiatives will create first-mover advantages for Cleveland manufacturers in specific ecommerce areas.\u00a0 If eWinWin becomes the standard for electronic exchanges in the steel world, then Cleveland suppliers may benefit disproportionately. Going further out in the supply chain will present a different challenge for small manufacturers.\u00a0 There are hundreds of small \u201cmom and pop\u201d suppliers in Cleveland in a wide variety of manufacturing sectors.\u00a0 Not all are online, but the number is growing.\u00a0 In a survey conducted by Cleveland\u2019s Council of Smaller Enterprises (COSE), 45 percent of small businesses in Cleveland had a Web site by the first quarter of 2000, a small increase (from 43 percent) from a year earlier.\u00a0 Among goods producers, however, the growth was substantial, with 54 percent reporting having Web sites in 2000, up from 36 percent the prior year.\u00a0 This does not mean that small goods producers are conducting online sales; in fact, only 22 percent sell over the Internet.\u00a0 However, this represents a dramatic increase from the 1999 figure of only 6 percent.<\/p>\n\n
The Internet and Social Capital in Cleveland<\/h3>\n\n
Cleveland has achieved solid successes in altering foot traffic in the city to take advantage of Internet opportunities in the community and economic arenas.\u00a0 Bill Callahan\u2019s vision of what the Internet can do for the Stockyards area is squarely about using the Internet as a magnet for people to come to his CDC with civic goals in mind. With the $3 million in City funds, Callahan hopes to replicate his initiatives throughout the city.\u00a0 All in all, in the community arena, the catalytic effect of the Internet is strong in Cleveland, with the Digital Vision coalition serving as an ongoing forum to strengthen the social networks that the Internet has helped to stimulate.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n
In the economic development community, the \u201cfoot traffic\u201d effect is manifest in attempts to create a stronger entrepreneurial spirit in Cleveland.\u00a0 NEOSA and the Lorain County Community college business incubator have spearheaded these efforts, but changing a region\u2019s business culture is a long-term challenge.\u00a0 Cleveland\u2019s manufacturing base and conservative outlook on business start-ups are bound to loom large in the area for some time.\u00a0 But tailoring dot-com promotional activities to business-to-business ecommerce is certainly a sensible strategy.\u00a0 Whether this economic development strategy pays off depends on a lot of things that Cleveland\u2019s leaders do not control, such as capital availability for Internet start-ups.\u00a0 Nonetheless, the prospect of dot-com pay-offs has brought together Cleveland\u2019s business community in new ways.<\/p>\n\n
Content development\u2014the more advanced manifestation of the connection between the Internet and social capital\u2014has come into play in some important ways in Cleveland.\u00a0 In the affordable housing community, the T2K project is a content-driven portal that helps nonprofits take aim at inefficiencies in the delivery of housing services.\u00a0 A long-term goal of Bill Callahan\u2019s Internet access project in the Stockyard area is to make the Internet a prominent enough part of the neighborhood so that people start to create content.\u00a0 On the economic side, there has been little in the way of content development in the form of Internet start-ups, although that is the clear goal of the Lorain County business incubator and the Cleveland Growth Association\u2019s emphasis on business-to-business ecommerce.<\/p>\n\n
At present, however, the whole of Cleveland\u2019s efforts does not seem equal to the sum of its parts.\u00a0 One reason is that nearly all of the initiatives profiled here are in their infant stages.\u00a0 It will simply take time to see if any surprising synergies arise in the community from these undertakings.\u00a0 One missing ingredient, according to a number of people involved with community computing, is strong leadership from City Hall.\u00a0 As one measure of Cleveland\u2019s lack of engagement with the Internet, by fall 2001 there was still no standard domain name for emailing City employees, and there seems to be strong consensus that the City has lagged in considering ways to use the Internet to improve service or provide information to citizens online.\u00a0 Even with the promising initiatives among community activists and economic development proponents, more active leadership from the City is a missing ingredient that, if added to the mix, could add momentum to Internet efforts in Cleveland.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Introduction Cleveland, though not known as a hotbed of Internet activity, is taking some innovative approaches to using the Internet for economic and social purposes.\u00a0 Most prominently, the city is using approximately $3 million in revenue from cable fees to subsidize Internet access and computer training through community development corporations (CDCs).\u00a0 A number of CDCs 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Online: Urban Development and the Internet","slug":"cities-online-urban-development-and-the-internet","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/cities-online-urban-development-and-the-internet\/","is_active":false},{"id":97472,"title":"Part 1: Introduction","slug":"part-1-introduction-16","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-1-introduction-16\/","is_active":false},{"id":97481,"title":"Part 2: Portland","slug":"part-2-portland","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-2-portland\/","is_active":false},{"id":97335,"title":"Part 3: Austin","slug":"part-3-austin","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-3-austin\/","is_active":false},{"id":97347,"title":"Part 4: Cleveland","slug":"part-4-cleveland","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-4-cleveland\/","is_active":true},{"id":97356,"title":"Part 5: Washington, D.C.","slug":"part-5-washington-d-c","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-5-washington-d-c\/","is_active":false},{"id":97367,"title":"Part 6: Nashville","slug":"part-6-nashville","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-6-nashville\/","is_active":false},{"id":97379,"title":"The Internet, Cities, and Social Capital","slug":"the-internet-cities-and-social-capital","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/the-internet-cities-and-social-capital\/","is_active":false},{"id":97385,"title":"Appendix A: Economic Profile of the Five Cities","slug":"appendix-a-economic-profile-of-the-five-cities","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/appendix-a-economic-profile-of-the-five-cities\/","is_active":false},{"id":97391,"title":"Appendix B","slug":"appendix-b-2-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/appendix-b-2-2\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":"","report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":97347,"title":"Part 4: Cleveland","slug":"part-4-cleveland","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-4-cleveland\/","is_active":true,"page_num":5},"next_post":{"id":97356,"title":"Part 5: Washington, D.C.","slug":"part-5-washington-d-c","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2001\/11\/20\/part-5-washington-d-c\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},"previous_post":{"id":97335,"title":"Part 3: 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