{"id":95752,"date":"2009-12-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-12-15T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2009\/12\/15\/teens-and-sexting-major-findings\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:13:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:13:43","slug":"teens-and-sexting-major-findings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2009\/12\/15\/teens-and-sexting-major-findings\/","title":{"rendered":"Teens and Sexting: Major Findings"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Pew Internet Project\u2019s study<\/h3>\n\n

In our nationally-representative telephone survey conducted from June to September we asked teens whether they had sent or received sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude photos or videos of themselves or of someone they knew on their cell phones. Partnering with the University of Michigan, in October we conducted a series of focus groups with teens ages 12-18 and during those groups, teens took a private paper survey in which they wrote about their experiences with sexting.<\/p>\n\n

These questions focus on the sending and receiving of images via cell phone, and do not address suggestive text messages without visual content or those shared by other means (such as email or online social networks). We chose this strategy because the policy community and advocates are primarily concerned with the legality of sharing images and because the mobile phone is increasingly the locus of teens\u2019 personal, and seemingly private communication. <\/p>\n\n

The Pew Internet survey data shows that 4% of all cell-owning teens ages 12-17 report sending a sexually suggestive nude or nearly-nude photo or video of themselves to someone else.[10.numoffset=”10″ Note: sexting is a topic with a relatively high level of social disapproval. This raises the possibility that any time any researcher asks questions about the subject that respondents will not admit to engaging in the socially subject behavior, which may result in findings that underreport the actual incidence of a behavior. And while focus groups are not representative samples, the number of teens in our focus groups who were able to talk about these experiences suggests that this may be the case.] The data reveals no difference in this practice related to gender: Girls and boys are equally as likely to have sent a suggestive picture to another person. The oldest teens in our sample \u2013 those aged 17 \u2013 are the most likely to report having sent a sexually suggestive image via text with 8% of 17-year-olds having sent one, compared to 4% of those age 12. But otherwise, there is little variation across age groups in the likelihood of having sent a sexual image by text. Teens who paid for all of the costs associated with their cell phone were more likely to report sending sexual images of themselves by text, with 17% of these teens sending sexually suggestive texts compared to just 3% of teens who did not pay for or only paid for a portion of the cost of their cell phone. Overall, 70% of teens have a cell phone that someone else, usually a parent, pays for, 19% pay part of the costs and 10% pay all of the costs of their cell phone.<\/p>\n\n

\"4%<\/figure>\n<\/p>\n\n

When it comes to receiving images, 15% of those ages 12-17 have received a sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude photo or video of someone they know on their cell phone. Older teens ages 14-17 are more likely than younger teens to report receiving such images or videos: 18% of older teens have received an image versus 6% of teens ages 12-13 who have received such content. The data show a steady increase in likelihood of receipt of sexually suggestive images via text by age, with just 4% of 12-year-olds receiving these images or videos compared to 20% of 16-year-olds and 30% of 17-year-olds.\u00a0 There are no statistically significant differences in reports of receipt of these images by gender.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n

There are some indications that teens who send and receive suggestive images via text message are likely to be those whose phones are more central to their lives than less intense cell phone users. For instance, teens who send any type of text message are more likely than teens who do not text to say they have received a sexually suggestive image on their cell phone, with 16% of texters receiving these images compared to 7% of teens who do not use text messaging.\u00a0 Teens with unlimited text messaging plans \u2013 75% of teens with cell phones — are also more likely to report receiving sexually suggestive texts with 18% of teens with unlimited plans receiving nude or nearly nude images or video via their phones, compared to 8% of those with limited plans and 4% of those who pay per message.<\/p>\n\n

Teens who receive sexually suggestive images on their cell phones are more likely to say that they use the phone to entertain themselves when bored; 80% of sexting recipients say they use their phones to combat boredom, while 67% of teens who have not received suggestive images on their phone say the same. Teens who have received these images are also less likely to say that they turn off their phones when it is not otherwise required \u2013 68% of receiving teens say they generally do not turn off their phones when they do not have to, and 46% of teens who have not received suggestive images by text report the same \u201calways on\u201d behavior.<\/p>\n\n

Three Basic Sexting Scenarios<\/h3>\n\n

Teens in our focus groups outlined three general scenarios in which sexually suggestive images are shared or forwarded. In one situation, images are shared between two romantic partners, in lieu of, as a prelude to, or as a part of sexual activity. <\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • \u00a0\u201c[I\u2019ve sexted] a few times,\u201d wrote one 9th\/10th grade boy. \u201cJust between my girlfriend and I. Just my girlfriend sending pictures of herself to me and me sending pictures of myself to her.\u201d<\/li>\n
  • \u201cYeah, I\u2019ve sent them to my boyfriend,\u201d said a 9th\/10th grade girl. \u201cEverybody does it.\u201d <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    An 11th\/12th grade girl talked about sexting as part of an experimental phase for teens who are not yet sexually active:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • \u00a0\u201cI think it was more common in middle school, because kids are afraid to do face-to-face contact sexually. In high school, kids don\u2019t need the pictures. They\u2019ll just hang out with that person romantically.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      For other teens, sexting is one part of a sexual relationship.<\/p>\n\n

        \n
      • \u201cYes, I do. I only do it with my girlfriend b\/c we have already been sexually active with each other,\u201d wrote one older high school age boy. \u201cIt\u2019s not really a big deal.\u201d <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

        However, these images sent between romantic partners can easily be forwarded (with or without the subject\u2019s knowledge) to friends or classmates and beyond. <\/p>\n\n

          \n
        • \u201cThis girl sent pictures to her boyfriend,\u201d wrote one older high school boy.\u00a0 \u201cThen they broke up and he sent them to his friend, who sent them to like everyone in my school. Then she was supposed to come to my school because she got kicked out of her school because it was a Catholic school\u2026.it ruined high school for her.\u201d<\/li>\n
        • A middle school boy wrote \u201cYeah, [I get sexts] once a year, [from] people who have girlfriends\u2026usually the sender had it sent from his girlfriend and sent it to everyone\u2026it\u2019s no big deal and it doesn\u2019t happen very often.\u201d <\/li>\n
        • Another high school girl explained \u201cI\u2019ve heard of people getting these types of pictures and usually its someone\u2019s girlfriend but the people that receive them aren\u2019t even the person that they are dating \u2013 they are sent to like ten other guys, for example, like the guy\u2019s friends with something saying \u2018I can\u2019t believe she did this.\u2019\u201d<\/li>\n
        • Another younger high school-aged girl wrote: \u201cYeah, it happens a lot, my friends do it all the time, it\u2019s not a big deal. Sometimes people will get into fights with their exs, and so they will send the nudes as blackmail, but it\u2019s usually when or after you\u2019ve been dating someone.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

          But other images are sent between friends, or between two people where at least one of the pair is hoping to become romantically involved. <\/p>\n\n

            \n
          • \u201cIf a guy wants to hookup with you, he\u2019ll send a pictures of his private parts or a naked picture of him[self]. It happens about 10 times a month,\u201d explained one older high school girl. \u201cIt\u2019s mostly the guys I date or just a guy that\u2026really wants to hook up with you. I\u2019m not really that type of person [who sends sexts], but I have friends who have.\u201d <\/li>\n
          • \u201cAlmost all the time it\u2019s a single girl sending to a single guy,\u201d wrote a younger high school boy. \u201cSometimes people trade pictures like \u2018hey you send me a pic I\u2019ll send you one.\u2019\u201d<\/li>\n
          • Another younger high school boy wrote, \u201cYes I have received some pics that include nudity. Girls will send them sometimes, not often. I don\u2019t know why they think it\u2019s a good idea but I\u2019m not going to stop it. Sometimes a guy will get one and forward it to all his friends.\u201d<\/li>\n
          • One middle school boy wrote, \u201cI have not received or sent, but have asked. It\u2019s mostly people I know \u2013 I\u2019ve only asked once.\u201d <\/li>\n
          • And another middle school boy wrote, \u201cWell one time this crazy girl who had liked me sent me a nude picture of her for no reason. This was the only time. It was someone I knew for a while but we began to not be friends. [Sending the images was] over the line because they were graphic and completely uncalled for.\u201d <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

            \n

            \"One<\/figure>\n<\/p>\n\n

            Sexually suggestive images sent to the privacy of the phone have become a form of relationship currency. One senior girl reflected:\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n

              \n
            • \u201cWhen I was about 14-15 years old, I received\/sent these types of pictures. Boys usually ask for them or start that type of conversation. My boyfriend, or someone I really liked asked for them. And I felt like if I didn\u2019t do it, they wouldn\u2019t continue to talk to me. At the time, it was no big deal. But now looking back it was definitely inappropriate and over the line.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

              Another older high school girl wrote about the pressure on girls to share such images:<\/p>\n\n

                \n
              • \u201cI haven\u2019t, but most of the girls who have are usually pressured by a guy that they like or want to like them, or their boyfriends. It\u2019s probably more common than what it seems because most people who get involved in this were probably pressured by someone to do it.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                It is important to note that many teens have not sent or received or had sexually suggestive images forwarded to them. <\/p>\n\n

                  \n
                • \u201cUm, no\u2026things like that [are] never sent to my phone. And no, I\u2019ve never done it,\u201d wrote one middle school girl. <\/li>\n
                • Another older high school girl wrote, \u201cNo, I haven\u2019t ever sent or received a picture or video on my phone that involves nudity.\u201d <\/li>\n
                • A younger high school boy explained his take on sexting:\u00a0 \u201cI don\u2019t do that and I don\u2019t ask girls \u2013 [it\u2019s] not right and they wont like [you] as much \u2013 they will think of you as a pervert. So I don\u2019t.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                  Attitudes towards sexting<\/h3>\n\n

                  In the focus groups, we found that teens\u2019 attitudes towards sexting vary widely, from those who do not think it is a major issue to others who think it is inappropriate, \u201cslutty,\u201d potentially damaging or illegal. On one end of the spectrum are the teens who view sexting as a safer alternative to real life sexual activity. <\/p>\n\n

                    \n
                  • \u201cNo, [it\u2019s not a big deal] we are not having sex, we are sexting,\u201d wrote one 9th\/10th grade boy. \u201cIt\u2019s not against my religion or anything.\u201d <\/li>\n
                  • Another younger high school boy added:\u00a0 \u201cMost people are too shy to have sex. Sexting is not as bad.\u201d <\/li>\n
                  • Another high school boy wrote \u201cI know people think [sexting] is dangerous, but to me, it\u2019s no big deal because I get them a lot.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                    Other teens avoid it because of their concerns about legality and the potential for public release of the images. <\/p>\n\n

                      \n
                    • \u201cI have never sent or received a picture involving nudity because I do know that it is illegal,\u201d wrote an older high school girl. She continued, \u201cAlso, I think texting [sexually suggestive images] is too risky \u2013 a friend could take your phone and see it. That\u2019s not something you want to be in public. And at my school you can get in trouble for it.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                      Some teens brand these images, particularly images of girls, as inappropriate and make judgments about the people who appear in them.\u00a0 One older high school boy wrote, <\/p>\n\n

                        \n
                      • \u201cThis is commn only for girls with \u2018slut\u2019 reputations. They do it to attract attention.\u201d <\/li>\n
                      • A middle school girl had a similar concern: \u201cI\u2019ve been asked to send naked pics, but I think that\u2019s stupid. You can ruin your reputation. Sometimes I wonder how girls can send naked pics to a boy. I think it\u2019s gross. They\u2019re disrespecting themselves.\u201d <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                        Teens make fine distinctions in what is acceptable and what is unacceptable in transmitted images. <\/p>\n\n

                          \n
                        • \u201cI like classy girls so I don\u2019t like [sexts] as much any more \u2013 it makes them look slutty,\u201d wrote one younger high school boy. \u201cBut [it\u2019s] not a big deal if [it\u2019s] just a topless photo, but when it\u2019s the bottom also it\u2019s a lot more serious.\u201d\u00a0 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                          Another middle school girl had a different view of the distinction between \u201cslutty\u201d and nude images. When asked if she had sent sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images of herself to someone else\u2019s cell phone she wrote, \u201cNEVER have and never will. I think I\u2019ve only sent slutty pics but not naked.\u201d<\/p>\n\n

                          When teens in the focus groups were asked how common they believed sexting to be, the answers covered the spectrum, from infrequent to very common.<\/p>\n\n

                            \n
                          • \u201cSexting\u2019s not common, but it does happen because girls want everyone to know they \u2018look good,\u2019\u201d wrote one teen. <\/li>\n
                          • \u201cI think it\u2019s not very common, but people do it\u201d <\/li>\n
                          • \u201c[sexting\u2019s] not common at my school, but I do know a handful of couples <\/em><\/strong>that do this.\u201d [Emphasis hers].<\/i> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                            Still, some teens believe sexting is quite prevalent.\u00a0 A high school girl wrote: <\/p>\n\n

                              \n
                            • \u201cI think it\u2019s fairly common in my school for people to do this. They see it as a way of flirting that may possibly lead to more for them.\u201d <\/li>\n
                            • One high school boy wrote that sexting happens a lot \u201cbecause if someone is going out wit[h] a hot girl and she sends him a message with a picture, then everyone wants to see it.\u201d <\/li>\n
                            • A younger high school girl wrote, \u201cYes, [sexting is pretty common] cuz some of my friends do it. [But it\u2019s] no big deal I would let my mom see if she wanted.\u201d <\/li>\n
                            • Another girl in the same focus group wrote, \u201cyeah, it happens a lot, my friends do it all the time, but its not a big deal.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

                              Parents\u2019 Role<\/h3>\n\n

                              What is the role of parents here? One younger high school boy told us that he never sends or receives sexually suggestive images via text because \u201cmy mom goes through my phone.\u201d However, another high school boy described how he password protected images to keep others from viewing them. He told us that he \u201cget(s) text picture messages from girls because they like me. The picture would have nudity, but I put those on security for my phone.\u201d On the Pew Internet telephone survey, teens whose parents said they looked at the contents of their child\u2019s cell phone were no more or less likely to send or receive nude or nearly nude images on their phones.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n

                              One parental intervention that may relate to a lower likelihood of sending of sexually suggestive images was parental restriction of text messaging. Teens who sent sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images were less likely to have parents who reported limiting the number of texts or other messages the teen could send. Just 8% of teens who sent sexy images by text had parents who restricted the number of texts or other messages they could send; 28% of teens who didn\u2019t send these texts had parents who limited their child\u2019s texting. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              The Pew Internet Project\u2019s study In our nationally-representative telephone survey conducted from June to September we asked teens whether they had sent or received sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude photos or videos of themselves or of someone they knew on their cell phones. Partnering with the University of Michigan, in October we conducted a 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