{"id":93771,"date":"2016-08-15T09:49:54","date_gmt":"2016-08-15T14:49:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race-2\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:18:28","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:18:28","slug":"social-media-conversations-about-race-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Social Media Conversations About Race"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race\/pi_2016-08-15_race-and-social-media_0-01\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16463\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e5e8eb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e5e8eb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"421\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/08\/PI_2016.08.15_race-and-social-media_0-01.png?resize=310,421 310w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-117052 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/08\/PI_2016.08.15_race-and-social-media_0-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-attachid=\"16463\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Americans are increasingly turning to social media for <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2016\/05\/26\/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016\/\">news<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2014\/11\/03\/cell-phones-social-media-and-campaign-2014\/\">political information<\/a> and to encourage others to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2013\/04\/25\/civic-engagement-in-the-digital-age\/\">get involved<\/a> with a cause or movement. Social media also can serve as an important venue where groups with common interests come together to share ideas and information. And at times, Twitter, Facebook and other social media sites can help users bring greater attention to issues through their collective voice.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent years, these platforms have provided new arenas for national conversations about race and racial inequality. Some <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/11\/07\/us\/social-media-finds-a-role-in-case-against-zimmerman.html?_r=2\">researchers<\/a> and activists credit social media \u2013 in particular, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2015\/10\/22\/why-it-can-be-offensive-to-use-the-term-black-twitter\/\">Black Twitter<\/a> \u2013 with propelling racially focused issues to greater national attention. In fact, two of the most used hashtags around social causes in Twitter history focus on race and criminal justice: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/the-switch\/wp\/2016\/03\/21\/these-are-the-10-most-influential-hashtags-in-honor-of-twitters-birthday\/\">#Ferguson and #BlackLivesMatter<\/a>. In addition to social and political issues, social media also serve as places where conversations about race intersect with a number of issues, including pop culture, sports and everyday personal experiences.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A new Pew Research Center survey finds significant differences in the way black and white adults use social media to share and interact with race-related content[1. Analysis of Hispanic social media users can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/blacks-more-likely-than-whites-to-see-and-post-race-related-content-on-social-media\/\">Chapter 1<\/a>. There were not enough Asian respondents in the sample to be broken out in a separate analysis.]\u00a0And a Pew Research Center analysis of tweets reveals that key news events \u2013 from Baltimore, to Charleston, South Carolina, to Dallas \u2013 often serve as a catalyst for social media conversations about race.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black social media users (68%) are roughly twice as likely as whites (35%) to say that at least some of the posts they see on social networking sites are about race or race relations. When it comes to their own postings, a similar racial gap exists. Among black social media users, 28% say most or some of what they post is about race or race relations; 8% of whites say the same. On the other hand, roughly two-thirds (67%) of whites who use social media say that none of things they post or share pertain to race.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race\/pi_2016-08-15_race-and-social-media_0-02\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16464\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0f0f0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0f0f0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"418\" height=\"358\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/08\/PI_2016.08.15_race-and-social-media_0-02.png?resize=418,358 418w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-117086 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/08\/PI_2016.08.15_race-and-social-media_0-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-attachid=\"16464\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the survey data, Pew Research Center conducted three content analysis case studies using publically available tweets. The first analysis found that over a 15-month period (from Jan. 1, 2015, through March 31, 2016) there were about 995 million tweets about race \u2013 or, on average, 2.1 million tweets per day on the subject. By contrast, about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.internetlivestats.com\/twitter-statistics\/\">500 million tweets<\/a> in total were posted on Twitter each day in 2015, meaning that tweets mentioning race made up about 0.04% of all tweets posted.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the tweets about race, a majority (60%) were directly related to news events, like the church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, or the Grammy performance of rapper Kendrick Lamar[2. A tweet was considered to be \u201cabout race\u201d if it included an explicit reference to blacks, whites or the concept of race in general. This analysis includes only tweets in the English language and from public accounts. It is not possible to determine whether the accounts are used by Americans or others. See the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race-methodology\/\">methodology <\/a>for a detailed explanation of how the analysis was conducted.]<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second case study focuses on the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter \u2013 which predated the Black Lives Matter organization. The hashtag has been used approximately 12 million times from July 12, 2013, through March 31, 2016, and during this period, it was used more often in support of the movement than in opposition to it. Roughly 40% of the times #BlackLivesMatter was used, it was to display solidarity with the social movement, compared with 11% of the time when it was used to criticize the same movement.[3. The analysis of Twitter data about #BlackLivesMatter only includes tweets containing the exact terms of either \u201c#BlackLivesMatter\u201d or \u201cBlackLivesMatter\u201d and does not include tweets that used an abbreviation or other variation. The data about #AllLivesMatter only includes tweets containing the exact terms \u201c#AllLivesMatter\u201d or \u201cAllLivesMatter,\u201d and the data for #BlueLivesMatter only includes tweets containing the exact terms \u201c#BlueLivesMatter\u201d or \u201cBlueLivesMatter.\u201d For more information on the emergence and distinction of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and the Black Lives Matter organization, read The Center for Media and Social Impact\u2019s 2015 report \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/cmsimpact.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/beyond_the_hashtags_2016.pdf\">Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice<\/a>.\u201d]<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The third case study examines the Twitter conversation following the deaths of two black men at the hands of police and the shootings of police officers in Dallas and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. This time period \u2013 July 5-17, 2016 \u2013 had the hashtags of #BlackLivesMatter, #AllLivesMatter and #BlueLivesMatter used more often than any other time since the hashtags began appearing on Twitter in July 2013. And almost overnight, the tone of the online conversation around #BlackLivesMatter shifted following the attacks on law enforcement. There was a dramatic rise in the share of tweets criticizing the Black Lives Matter movement using that hashtag in our July analysis and a drop in the share of tweets that supported the movement. The rise in critical tweets was especially notable after the killing of police officers in Dallas.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis of public tweets, which was conducted using computer coding software from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.crimsonhexagon.com\/\">Crimson Hexagon<\/a>, also found that the volume of race-related tweets tended to peak in the immediate aftermath of high-profile events and reflected more of a synthesis of ideas and reactions than an account of the details of those events.[4. For a detailed explainer on how Pew Research Center uses Crimson Hexagon software to analyze tweets, read \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2015\/04\/01\/methodology-crimson-hexagon\/\">Methodology: How Crimson Hexagon Works<\/a>.\u201d]<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey findings are based on a national survey of the general public conducted by landline and cellular telephone from Feb. 29-May 8, 2016, among 3,769 U.S. adults. In this survey, 64% of all adults reported they are social media users[5. Social media users were determined by those who answered \u201cyes\u201d to the question, \u201cDo you ever use a social networking site like Facebook or Twitter?\u201d]\u00a0That figure includes 62% of white adults who are social media users; 63% of blacks who are social media users; and 63% of Hispanics who are social media users. This report focuses on the subpopulations of each racial and ethnic group who are social media users, rather than the entire adult segment of each cohort.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How social media users see, share and discuss race and the rise of hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"How social media users see, share and discuss race and the rise of hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter","sub_title":"How social media users see, share and discuss race and the rise of hashtags like 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Blacks more likely than whites to see\u00a0\u2013 and post \u2013 race-related content on social media","slug":"blacks-more-likely-than-whites-to-see-and-post-race-related-content-on-social-media","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/blacks-more-likely-than-whites-to-see-and-post-race-related-content-on-social-media\/","is_active":false},{"id":93760,"title":"2. Twitter conversations about race","slug":"twitter-conversations-about-race","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/twitter-conversations-about-race\/","is_active":false},{"id":93751,"title":"3. The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter emerges: Social activism on Twitter","slug":"the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter\/","is_active":false},{"id":93857,"title":"4. Major recent events bring #BlackLivesMatter back to the forefront as the tone shifts overnight","slug":"major-recent-events-bring-blacklivesmatter-back-to-the-forefront-as-the-tone-shifts-overnight","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/major-recent-events-bring-blacklivesmatter-back-to-the-forefront-as-the-tone-shifts-overnight\/","is_active":false},{"id":93846,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"social-media-conversations-about-race-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":93838,"title":"Methodology","slug":"social-media-conversations-about-race-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"9111cc0d-303b-4937-9685-3937dedfc71f","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/08\/PI_2016.08.15_Race-and-Social-Media_FINAL.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"key":"3cbbeacb-d97e-4045-b0d0-f715e295d311","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/08\/PI_2016.08.15_Race-and-Social-Media_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":93771,"title":"Social Media Conversations About Race","slug":"social-media-conversations-about-race-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/social-media-conversations-about-race-2\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},"next_post":{"id":93765,"title":"1. 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Blacks more likely than whites to see\u00a0\u2013 and post \u2013 race-related content on social media","slug":"blacks-more-likely-than-whites-to-see-and-post-race-related-content-on-social-media","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/blacks-more-likely-than-whites-to-see-and-post-race-related-content-on-social-media\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":93760,"title":"2. Twitter conversations about race","slug":"twitter-conversations-about-race","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2016\/08\/15\/twitter-conversations-about-race\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":93751,"title":"3. 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