{"id":93055,"date":"2020-04-30T11:56:08","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T16:56:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-appendix\/"},"modified":"2025-01-17T13:59:47","modified_gmt":"2025-01-17T18:59:47","slug":"covid-internet-appendix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-appendix\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 id=\"defining-income-tiers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Defining income tiers<\/em><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To create upper-, middle- and lower-income tiers, respondents\u2019 2018 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and for household size. \u201cMiddle-income\u201d adults live in families with annual incomes that are two-thirds to double the median family income in the American Trends Panel (after incomes have been adjusted for the local cost of living and for household size). The middle-income range for the panel is about $37,500 to $112,600 annually for a three-person household. Lower-income families have incomes less than roughly $37,500, and upper-income families have incomes greater than roughly $112,600.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on these adjustments, among respondents who provided their income and household size, 32% fall into the lower-income tier, 45% in the middle-income tier and 23% fall in the upper-income tier.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information about how the income tiers were determined, please see <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2020\/01\/09\/methodology-27\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Defining income tiers To create upper-, middle- and lower-income tiers, respondents\u2019 2018 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and for household size. \u201cMiddle-income\u201d adults live in families with annual incomes that are two-thirds to double the median family income in the American Trends Panel (after incomes have been adjusted [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[381,409,272,239,277,452,373,305],"tags":[],"bylines":[971,696,913,940],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[526],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-93055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-covid-19-politics","category-covid-19-technology","category-digital-divide","category-economic-inequality","category-education-learning-online-1","category-education-learning-online-2","category-k-12","category-platforms-services","bylines-andrew-perrin","bylines-emily-a-vogels","bylines-lee-rainie","bylines-monica-anderson","formats-report","research-teams-internet"],"label":false,"post_parent":93072,"word_count":134,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-appendix\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":"115320","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":"115320","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":"115320","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":"115320","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":"115320","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":"115320","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/04\/PI_20.04.14_CovidInternetEssential_featured.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":93072,"title":"53% of Americans Say the Internet Has Been Essential During the COVID-19 Outbreak","slug":"53-of-americans-say-the-internet-has-been-essential-during-the-covid-19-outbreak","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/53-of-americans-say-the-internet-has-been-essential-during-the-covid-19-outbreak\/","is_active":false},{"id":93064,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"covid-internet-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":93080,"title":"Methodology","slug":"covid-internet-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":93055,"title":"Appendix","slug":"covid-internet-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-appendix\/","is_active":true}],"report_materials":[{"key":"1ad51280-cfdc-4eec-a412-76c64defc85e","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/04\/PI_2020.04.30_COVID-internet_REPORT.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"key":"30c6514e-82dd-4627-98f1-157d0ba3b120","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/04\/PI_2020.04.30_COVID-internet_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":93055,"title":"Appendix","slug":"covid-internet-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-appendix\/","is_active":true,"page_num":4},"next_post":null,"previous_post":{"id":93080,"title":"Methodology","slug":"covid-internet-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},"pagination_items":[{"id":93072,"title":"53% of Americans Say the Internet Has Been Essential During the COVID-19 Outbreak","slug":"53-of-americans-say-the-internet-has-been-essential-during-the-covid-19-outbreak","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/53-of-americans-say-the-internet-has-been-essential-during-the-covid-19-outbreak\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":93064,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"covid-internet-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":93080,"title":"Methodology","slug":"covid-internet-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":93055,"title":"Appendix","slug":"covid-internet-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2020\/04\/30\/covid-internet-appendix\/","is_active":true,"page_num":4}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"53% of Americans Say the Internet Has Been Essential During the COVID-19 Outbreak","parent_id":93072},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Appendix","description":"Defining income tiers To create upper-, middle- and lower-income tiers, respondents\u2019 2018 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and for household size. \u201cMiddle-income\u201d adults&hellip;","og_title":"Appendix","og_description":"","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":[],"custom_schema":[],"og_image":"115320","indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{"prc-image-alt-text":{"status":"complete","message":"No image blocks in content.","data":null},"prc-about-this-research":{"status":"incomplete","message":"Add an \"About this research\" details block.","data":null},"prc-paragraph-count":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 3 paragraphs.","data":{"count":3}},"prc-internal-link":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 1 internal link.","data":{"count":1}}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[],"bylinesOrdered":[{"key":"40fd60cb-088a-448b-9b22-1beac93b5218","termId":696},{"key":"08a689c9-c043-4455-9f88-a68d51bf0b80","termId":971},{"key":"e0cb7b75-63f4-40b3-b4d1-6d0003977d12","termId":913},{"key":"a00f8c79-edd6-46a4-b527-9c727dfe2769","termId":940}],"acknowledgementsOrdered":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/581"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93055"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135898,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93055\/revisions\/135898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"bylines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bylines?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"collection","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collection?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"datasets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/datasets?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"level_of_effort","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/level_of_effort?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"primary_audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/primary_audience?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"information_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/information_type?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"_post_visibility","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_post_visibility?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/formats?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"_fund_pool","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_fund_pool?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/languages?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"regions-countries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/regions-countries?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"research-teams","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-teams?post=93055"},{"taxonomy":"workflow-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow-status?post=93055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}