{"id":93038,"date":"2019-11-20T10:02:40","date_gmt":"2019-11-20T15:02:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:16:49","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:16:49","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix B: How the hardship scales were created and coded"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 id=\"connectivity-scale-coding\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Connectivity scale coding<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three items were used to create the persistent connectivity hardship scale. Two questions were asked of mobile users (owners and sharers), and one question was asked of non-users. If an individual\u2019s response on any item related to connectivity was coded as hardship, the individual was considered to have a persistent connectivity issue.<\/p>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-mobile-users-owners-and-sharers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF MOBILE USERS (OWNERS AND SHARERS)<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q21b.<\/strong> How often do you have problems getting a reliable mobile connection?<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Frequently [coded as connectivity hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Occasionally \/ rarely \/ never \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as connectivity hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q21d.<\/strong> How often do you have trouble finding a place to charge your mobile phone\u2019s battery?<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Frequently [coded as connectivity hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Occasionally \/ rarely \/ never \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as connectivity hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-non-mobile-users\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF NON-MOBILE USERS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27d.<\/strong> There is no mobile phone service where you live \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as connectivity hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as connectivity hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 id=\"financial-scale-coding\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Financial scale coding<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six items were used to create the persistent financial hardship scale. One question was asked of all respondents. Two questions were asked of mobile users (owners and sharers), one question was asked of only mobile sharers and two questions were asked of non-users. If an individual\u2019s response to any item related to finances was coded as a hardship, that individual was considered to have a persistent financial issue.<\/p>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-of-all-respondents\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED OF ALL RESPONDENTS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q49d. <\/strong>Have there been times during the last year when you did not have enough money to buy mobile data \u2013 yes or no?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes [coded as financial hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No \/ does not apply to me \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-mobile-users-owners-and-sharers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF MOBILE USERS (OWNERS AND SHARERS)<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q21a.<\/strong> How often do you have trouble paying for your mobile phone usage?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Frequently [coded as financial hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Occasionally \/ rarely \/ never \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q21f.<\/strong> How often do you avoid doing things you want to do on your mobile phone because those things use too much mobile data?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Frequently [coded as financial hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Occasionally \/ rarely \/ never \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-mobile-sharers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF MOBILE SHARERS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q6.<\/strong> Please tell me the primary reason why you share a mobile phone, rather than owning your own.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Can\u2019t afford one [coded as financial hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t need to use one regularly [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Think it\u2019s too complicated to use [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Not allowed to have your own [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t like using mobile phones [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Your phone was lost\/broken\/stolen [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Afraid your phone will be stolen [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Other reason [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t know [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Refused [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-non-mobile-users\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF NON-MOBILE USERS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27a.<\/strong> The cost of data is too expensive \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as financial hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27b.<\/strong> The cost of a mobile device is too high \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as financial hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as financial hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 id=\"language-scale-coding\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Language scale coding<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three items were used to create the persistent language hardship scale. One question was asked of mobile users (owners and sharers), and two questions were asked of non-users. If an individual\u2019s response on any item related to language was coded as hardship, they were considered to have a persistent language issue.<\/p>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-mobile-users-owners-and-sharers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF MOBILE USERS (OWNERS AND SHARERS)<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q21e.<\/strong> How often is the information you want or need online not available in your preferred language?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Frequently [coded as language hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Occasionally \/ rarely \/ never \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as language hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-non-mobile-users\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF NON-MOBILE USERS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27c.<\/strong> You can\u2019t read well enough to use a mobile phone \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as language hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as language hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27j.<\/strong> There are no apps or websites available in your language \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as language hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as language hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 id=\"security-scale-coding\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Security scale coding<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Five items were used to create the persistent security hardship scale. One question was asked of all participants. Two questions were asked of mobile sharers, and two questions were asked of non-users. If an individual\u2019s response on any item related to security was coded as hardship, that individual was considered to have a persistent security concern\/issue.<\/p>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-of-all-participants\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED OF ALL PARTICIPANTS<\/h5>\n\n<p>[IF CONCERNED]<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Very concerned [coded as security hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Only somewhat concerned [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Not concerned [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t know [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Refused [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-mobile-sharers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF MOBILE SHARERS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q6.<\/strong> Please tell me the primary reason why you share a mobile phone, rather than owning your own.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Your phone was lost\/broken\/stolen [coded as security hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Afraid your phone will be stolen [coded as security hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t need to use one regularly [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Can\u2019t afford one [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Think it\u2019s too complicated to use [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Not allowed to have your own [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t like using mobile phones [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Other reason [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t know [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<li>Refused [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h5 id=\"asked-only-of-non-mobile-users\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASKED ONLY OF NON-MOBILE USERS<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27g.<\/strong> You are worried it might get stolen \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as security hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q27h.<\/strong> You are worried about the security of your information \u2013 is this a reason why you do not currently have a mobile phone, or not?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Response options:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yes, this is a reason [coded as security hardship = yes (1)]<\/li>\n<li>No, this is not a reason \/ don\u2019t know \/ refused [coded as security hardship = no (0)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 id=\"total-number-of-hardships-scale-coding\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Total number of hardships scale coding<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To assess how many total hardships mobile users faced, each mobile user received a score between zero (no hardship responses) and seven (all hardship responses) based on the number of hardship responses they gave for the items asked of mobile users (including the two items asked of all participants).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Count of hardship responses for questions: <strong>Q19a<\/strong>,<strong> Q21a<\/strong>,<strong> Q21b<\/strong>,<strong> Q21d<\/strong>,<strong> Q21e<\/strong>,<strong> Q21f<\/strong> and<strong> Q49d<\/strong>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Connectivity scale coding Three items were used to create the persistent connectivity hardship scale. Two questions were asked of mobile users (owners and sharers), and one question was asked of non-users. If an individual\u2019s response on any item related to connectivity was coded as hardship, the individual was considered to have a persistent connectivity issue. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":578,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[526],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-93038","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","formats-report","research-teams-internet"],"label":false,"post_parent":93098,"word_count":1259,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":115434,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":115434,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":115434,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":115434,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":115434,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":115434,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_featured-jpg.webp?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":93098,"title":"Mobile Divides in Emerging Economies","slug":"mobile-divides-in-emerging-economies","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-in-emerging-economies\/","is_active":false},{"id":93086,"title":"1. Non-mobile phone users: What hinders their access?","slug":"non-mobile-phone-users-what-hinders-their-access","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/non-mobile-phone-users-what-hinders-their-access\/","is_active":false},{"id":93075,"title":"2. Phone sharers: What limits their mobile use?","slug":"phone-sharers-what-limits-their-mobile-use","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/phone-sharers-what-limits-their-mobile-use\/","is_active":false},{"id":93079,"title":"3. Mobile owners: What they struggle to do","slug":"mobile-owners-what-they-struggle-to-do","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-owners-what-they-struggle-to-do\/","is_active":false},{"id":93067,"title":"4. Obstacles to using phones","slug":"obstacles-to-using-phones-in-emerging-economies","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/obstacles-to-using-phones-in-emerging-economies\/","is_active":false},{"id":93058,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":93050,"title":"Methodology","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":93045,"title":"Appendix A: About the focus groups","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-a-about-the-focus-groups","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-a-about-the-focus-groups\/","is_active":false},{"id":93038,"title":"Appendix B: How the hardship scales were created and coded","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded\/","is_active":true},{"id":93024,"title":"Appendix C: Co-occurrence rates for each country","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-c-co-occurrence-rates-for-each-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-c-co-occurrence-rates-for-each-country\/","is_active":false},{"id":93019,"title":"Appendix D: Older people, more affluent tend to have fewer hardships using mobile devices","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-d-older-people-more-affluent-tend-to-have-fewer-hardships-using-mobile-devices","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-d-older-people-more-affluent-tend-to-have-fewer-hardships-using-mobile-devices\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"5573dc7f-be4e-4c18-9be6-4f8e8bd77571","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_FINAL.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"key":"4dc0cac3-41fe-434d-bda7-67fac1017ac9","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2019\/11\/PG_2019.11.20_Mobile-Divides-Emerging-Economies_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"type":"dataset","id":1019,"label":"Mobile Technology and Social Impact 2018","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/mobile-technology-social-impact-2018\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":93038,"title":"Appendix B: How the hardship scales were created and coded","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-b-how-the-hardship-scales-were-created-and-coded\/","is_active":true,"page_num":9},"next_post":{"id":93024,"title":"Appendix C: Co-occurrence rates for each country","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-c-co-occurrence-rates-for-each-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-c-co-occurrence-rates-for-each-country\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},"previous_post":{"id":93045,"title":"Appendix A: About the focus groups","slug":"mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-a-about-the-focus-groups","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-emerging-economies-appendix-a-about-the-focus-groups\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},"pagination_items":[{"id":93098,"title":"Mobile Divides in Emerging Economies","slug":"mobile-divides-in-emerging-economies","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-divides-in-emerging-economies\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":93086,"title":"1. Non-mobile phone users: What hinders their access?","slug":"non-mobile-phone-users-what-hinders-their-access","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/non-mobile-phone-users-what-hinders-their-access\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":93075,"title":"2. Phone sharers: What limits their mobile use?","slug":"phone-sharers-what-limits-their-mobile-use","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/phone-sharers-what-limits-their-mobile-use\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":93079,"title":"3. Mobile owners: What they struggle to do","slug":"mobile-owners-what-they-struggle-to-do","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2019\/11\/20\/mobile-owners-what-they-struggle-to-do\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":93067,"title":"4. 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