{"id":93014,"date":"2021-05-19T09:47:24","date_gmt":"2021-05-19T14:47:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/"},"modified":"2025-09-05T12:17:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:17:45","slug":"americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/","title":{"rendered":"Americans and \u2018Cancel Culture\u2019: Where Some See Calls for Accountability, Others See Censorship, Punishment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"background-image:url(&apos;https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_21.04.28_CanceCulture_featured.png&apos;);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-attachment:scroll;\" class=\"wp-block-group aligncenter is-style-default has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b5ef71e6 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained has-background\">\n<div style=\"height:500px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer block-visibility-hide-small-screen\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:320px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer block-visibility-hide-large-screen block-visibility-hide-medium-screen\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display is-layout-flex wp-container-prc-block-bylines-display-is-layout-7b1574cb wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display-is-layout-flex\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display__bylines\"><span class=\"wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display__prefix\">By<\/span> <a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/emily-a-vogels\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Emily A. Vogels\">Emily A. Vogels<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/monica-anderson\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Monica Anderson\">Monica Anderson<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/margaret-porteus\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Margaret Porteus\">Margaret Porteus<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/chris-baronavski\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Chris Baronavski\">Chris Baronavski<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/sara-atske\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Sara Atske\">Sara Atske<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/colleen-mcclain\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Colleen McClain\">Colleen McClain<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/brooke-auxier\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Brooke Auxier\">Brooke Auxier<\/a><span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__separator\">, <\/span><a rel=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/staff\/andrew-perrin\/\" aria-label=\"View author archive for Andrew Perrin\">Andrew Perrin<\/a> <span class=\"prc-platform-staff-bylines__and-separator\">and<\/span> <span >Meera Ramshankar<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People have challenged each other\u2019s views <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/03\/t-magazine\/cancel-culture-history.html\">for much of human history<\/a>. But the internet \u2013 particularly social media \u2013 has changed how, when and where these kinds of interactions occur. The number of people who can go online and call out others for their behavior or words is immense, and it\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/culture\/tv-radio-web\/why-do-we-argue-online-1.2295986\">never been easier<\/a> to summon groups to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/03\/07\/magazine\/07Human-t.html\">join the public fray<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The phrase&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/culture\/2019\/12\/30\/20879720\/what-is-cancel-culture-explained-history-debate\">\u201ccancel culture\u201d is said to have originated<\/a>&nbsp;from a relatively obscure slang term \u2013 \u201ccancel,\u201d referring to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/lifestyle\/cancel-culture-background-black-culture-white-grievance\/2021\/04\/01\/2e42e4fe-8b24-11eb-aff6-4f720ca2d479_story.html\">breaking up with someone<\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 used in a 1980s song. This term was then referenced in film and television and later evolved and gained traction on social media. Over the past several years, cancel culture has become a deeply contested idea in the nation\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/show\/cancel-culture-debate-bubbles-up-in-politics-and-beyond\">political discourse<\/a>. There are plenty of debates over what it is and what it means, including whether it\u2019s a way to hold people accountable, or a tactic to punish others unjustly, or a mix of both. And some argue that cancel culture <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newstatesman.com\/science-tech\/2020\/07\/cancel-culture-does-not-exist\">doesn\u2019t even exist<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To better understand how the U.S. public views the concept of cancel culture, Pew Research Center asked Americans in September 2020 to share \u2013 in their own words \u2013 what they think the term means and, more broadly, how they feel about the act of calling out others on social media. The survey finds a public deeply divided, including over the very meaning of the phrase.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center has a long history of studying the tone and nature of online discourse as well as emerging internet phenomena.&nbsp;This report focuses on American adults\u2019 perceptions of cancel culture and, more generally, calling out others on social media. For this analysis, we surveyed 10,093 U.S. adults from Sept. 8 to 13, 2020. Everyone who took part is a member of the Center\u2019s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/u-s-survey-research\/american-trends-panel\/\">ATP\u2019s methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This essay primarily focuses on responses to three different open-ended questions and includes a number of quotations to help illustrate themes and add nuance to the survey findings. Quotations may have been lightly edited for grammar, spelling and clarity. Here are the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_Cancel-Culture_TOPLINE.pdf\">questions used&nbsp;for this essay<\/a>, along with responses, and&nbsp;its&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/cancel-culture-methodology\/\">methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"who-s-heard-of-cancel-culture\">Who\u2019s heard of \u2018cancel culture\u2019?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As is often the case when a new term enters the collective lexicon, public awareness of the phrase \u201ccancel culture\u201d varies \u2013 sometimes widely \u2013 across demographic groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/pi_2021-05-19_cancel-culture_0-01-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-115034\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeeae4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"1510\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png\" alt=\"In September 2020, 44% of Americans had heard at least a fair amount about the phrase 'cancel culture'\" class=\"wp-image-115034 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeeae4; width:420px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=167,300 167w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=768,1381 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=570,1024 570w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=225,405 225w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=200,360 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=260,467 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=310,557 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=420,755 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=640,1150 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=740,1330 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=160,288 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-01.png?resize=320,575 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, 44% of Americans say they have heard at least a fair amount about the phrase, including 22% who have heard a great deal, according to the Center\u2019s survey of 10,093 U.S. adults, conducted Sept. 8-13, 2020. Still, an even larger share (56%) say they\u2019ve heard nothing or not too much about it, including 38% who have heard nothing at all. (The survey was fielded before a string of recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/opinion\/heres-what-neera-tandens-defeat-says-about-cancel-culture\/\">conversations<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/04\/books\/dr-seuss-books.html\">controversies<\/a> about cancel culture.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Familiarity with the term varies with age. While 64% of adults under 30 say they have heard a great deal or fair amount about cancel culture, that share drops to 46% among those ages 30 to 49 and 34% among those 50 and older.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are gender and educational differences as well. Men are more likely than women to be familiar with the term, as are those who have a bachelor\u2019s or advanced degree when compared with those who have lower levels of formal education.[1. In this analysis, \u201cfamiliar with\u201d or \u201caware of\u201d the phrase cancel culture mean \u201chave heard at least a fair amount about the phrase cancel culture.\u201d]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While discussions around cancel culture can be highly partisan, Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents are no more likely than Republicans and GOP-leaning independents to say they have heard at least a fair amount about the phrase (46% vs. 44%). (All references to Democrats and Republicans in this analysis include independents who lean to each party.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When accounting for ideology, liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans are more likely to have heard at least a fair amount about cancel culture than their more moderate counterparts within each party. Liberal Democrats stand out as most likely to be familiar with the term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-do-americans-define-cancel-culture\">How do Americans define \u2018cancel culture\u2019?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As part of the survey, respondents who had heard about \u201ccancel culture\u201d were given the chance to explain in their own words what they think the term means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/pi_2021-05-19_cancel-culture_0-02-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-115038\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f6f6f6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1480\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png\" alt=\"Conservative Republicans less likely than other partisan, ideological groups to describe 'cancel culture' as actions taken to hold others accountable\" class=\"wp-image-115038 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f6f6f6; width:640px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=259,300 259w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=768,888 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=886,1024 886w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=350,405 350w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=200,231 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=260,301 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=310,358 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=420,486 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=640,740 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=740,856 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=160,185 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-02.png?resize=320,370 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most common responses by far centered around accountability. Some 49% of those familiar with the term said it describes actions people take to hold others accountable:[2. Quotations in this essay may have been lightly edited for grammar, spelling and clarity.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-1\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-2\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small share who mentioned accountability in their definitions also discussed how these actions can be misplaced, ineffective or overtly cruel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some 14% of adults who had heard at least a fair amount about cancel culture described it as a form of censorship, such as a restriction on free speech or as history being erased:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-3\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A similar share (12%) characterized cancel culture as mean-spirited attacks used to cause others harm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-4\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Five other distinct descriptions of the term cancel culture also appeared in Americans\u2019 responses: people canceling anyone they disagree with, consequences for those who have been challenged, an attack on traditional American values, a way to call out issues like racism or sexism, or a misrepresentation of people\u2019s actions. About one-in-ten or fewer described the phrase in each of these ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There were some notable partisan and ideological differences in what the term cancel culture represents. Some 36% of conservative Republicans who had heard the term described it as actions taken to hold people accountable, compared with roughly half or more of moderate or liberal Republicans (51%), conservative or moderate Democrats (54%) and liberal Democrats (59%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conservative Republicans who had heard of the term were <em>more<\/em> likely than other partisan and ideological groups to see cancel culture as a form of censorship. Roughly a quarter of conservative Republicans familiar with the term (26%) described it as censorship, compared with 15% of moderate or liberal Republicans and roughly one-in-ten or fewer Democrats, regardless of ideology. Conservative Republicans aware of the phrase were also more likely than other partisan and ideological groups to define cancel culture as a way for people to cancel anyone they disagree with (15% say this) or as an attack on traditional American society (13% say this).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/#open-ended-responses\">Click here to explore more definitions and explanations of the term cancel culture<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"does-calling-people-out-on-social-media-represent-accountability-or-unjust-punishment\">Does calling people out on social media represent accountability or unjust punishment?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/pi_2021-05-19_cancel-culture_0-03-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-115045\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6e3df\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"1046\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png\" alt=\"Partisans differ over whether calling out others on social media for potentially offensive content represents accountability or punishment\" class=\"wp-image-115045 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6e3df; width:420px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=241,300 241w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=768,956 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=822,1024 822w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=325,405 325w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=200,249 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=260,324 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=310,386 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=420,523 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=640,797 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=740,921 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=160,199 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-03.png?resize=320,398 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given that cancel culture can mean different things to different people, the survey also asked about the more general act of calling out others on social media for posting content that might be considered offensive \u2013 and whether this kind of behavior is more likely to hold people accountable or punish those who don\u2019t deserve it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, 58% of U.S. adults say in general, calling out others on social media is more likely to hold people accountable, while 38% say it is more likely to punish people who don\u2019t deserve it. But views differ sharply by party. Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to say that, in general, calling people out on social media for posting offensive content holds them accountable (75% vs. 39%). Conversely, 56% of Republicans \u2013 but just 22% of Democrats \u2013 believe this type of action generally punishes people who don\u2019t deserve it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within each party, there are some modest differences by education level in these views. Specifically, Republicans who have a high school diploma or less education (43%) are slightly more likely than Republicans with some college (36%) or at least a bachelor\u2019s degree (37%) to say calling people out for potentially offensive posts is holding people accountable for their actions. The reverse is true among Democrats: Those with a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education are somewhat more likely than those with a high school diploma or less education to say calling out others is a form of accountability (78% vs. 70%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among Democrats, roughly three-quarters of those under 50 (73%) as well as those ages 50 and older (76%) say calling out others on social media is more likely to hold people accountable for their actions. At the same time, majorities of both younger and older Republicans say this action is more likely to punish people who didn\u2019t deserve it (58% and 55%, respectively).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People on both sides of the issue had an opportunity to explain <em>why<\/em> they see calling out others on social media for potentially offensive content as more likely to be either a form of accountability or punishment. We then coded these answers and grouped them into broad areas to frame the key topics of debates.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-was-this-data-coded\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-was-this-data-coded&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How was this data coded?<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initial coding schemes for each question were derived from reading though the open-ended responses and identifying common themes. Using these themes, coders read each response and coded up to three themes for each response. (If a response mentioned more than three themes, the first three mentioned were coded.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After all the responses were coded, similarities and groupings among codes both within and across the two questions about accountability and punishment became apparent. As such, answers were grouped into broad areas that framed the biggest points of disagreement between these two groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We identified five key areas of disagreement in respondents\u2019 arguments for why they held their views of calling out others, broken down as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>25%<\/strong> of all adults address topics related to whether people who call out others are rushing to judge or are trying to be helpful<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>14%<\/strong> center on whether calling out others on social media is a productive behavior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>10%<\/strong> focus on whether free speech or creating a comfortable environment online is more important<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>8%<\/strong> address the differing agendas of those who call out others<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>4%<\/strong> focus on whether speaking up is the best action to take if people find content offensive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the codes that make up each of these areas, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/cancel-culture-appendix-coding-information\/\">see the Appendix<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some 17% of Americans who say that calling out others on social media holds people accountable say it can be a teaching moment that helps people learn from their mistakes and do better in the future. Among those who say calling out others unjustly punishes them, a similar share (18%) say it\u2019s because people are not taking the context of a person\u2019s post or the intentions behind it into account before confronting that person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment\/pi_2021-05-19_cancel-culture_0-04-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0eeea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"2172\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png\" alt=\"Americans explain why they think calling out others on social media for potentially offensive posts is either holding people accountable or unjustly punishing them\" class=\"wp-image-115049 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0eeea; width:640px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=177,300 177w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=768,1303 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=603,1024 603w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=905,1536 905w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=1207,2048 1207w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=239,405 239w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=200,339 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=260,441 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=310,526 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=420,713 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=640,1086 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=740,1256 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=160,272 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_cancel-culture_0-04.png?resize=320,543 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In all, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/cancel-culture-appendix-coding-information\/\">five types of arguments<\/a> most commonly stand out in people\u2019s answers. A quarter of all adults mention topics related to whether people who call out others are rushing to judge or are trying to be helpful; 14% center on whether calling out others on social media is a productive behavior or not; 10% focus on whether free speech or creating a comfortable environment online is more important; 8% address the perceived agendas of those who call out others; and 4% focus on whether speaking up is the best action to take if people find content offensive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"are-people-rushing-to-judge-or-trying-to-be-helpful\">Are people rushing to judge or trying to be helpful?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most common area of opposing arguments about calling out other people on social media arises from people\u2019s differing perspectives on whether people who call out others are rushing to judge or instead trying to be helpful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One-in-five Americans who see this type of behavior as a form of accountability point to reasons that relate to how helpful calling out others can be. For example, some explained in an open-ended question that they associate this behavior with moving toward a better society or educating others on their mistakes so they can do better in the future. Conversely, roughly a third (35%) of those who see calling out other people on social media as a form of unjust punishment cite reasons that relate to people who call out others being rash or judgmental. Some of these Americans see this kind of behavior as overreacting or unnecessarily lashing out at others without considering the context or intentions of the original poster. Others emphasize that what is considered offensive can be subjective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-5\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"is-calling-out-others-on-social-media-productive-behavior\">Is calling out others on social media productive behavior?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"pull-right wp-block-paragraph\">The second most common source of disagreement centers on the question of whether calling out others can solve anything: 13% of those who see calling out others as a form of punishment touch on this issue in explaining their opinion, as do 16% who see it as a form of accountability. Some who see calling people out as unjust punishment say it solves nothing and can actually make things worse. Others in this group question whether social media is a viable place for any productive conversations or see these platforms and their culture as inherently problematic and sometimes toxic. Conversely, there are those who see calling out others as a way to hold people accountable for what they post or to ensure that people consider the consequences of their social media posts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"pull-right wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-6\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"which-is-more-important-free-speech-or-creating-a-comfortable-environment-online\">Which is more important, free speech or creating a comfortable environment online?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center has studied the tension between <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/08\/partisans-in-the-u-s-increasingly-divided-on-whether-offensive-content-online-is-taken-seriously-enough\/\">free speech and feeling safe<\/a> online for years, including the increasingly partisan nature of these disputes. This debate also appears in the context of calling out content on social media. Some 12% of those who see calling people out as punishment explain \u2013 in their own words \u2013 that they are in favor of free speech on social media. By comparison, 10% of those who see it in terms of accountability believe that things said in these social spaces matter, or that people should be more considerate by thinking before posting content that may be offensive or make people uncomfortable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-7\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-s-the-agenda-behind-calling-out-others-online\">What\u2019s the agenda behind calling out others online?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"pull-left wp-block-paragraph\">Another small share of people mention the perceived agenda of those who call out other people on social media in their rationales for why calling out others is accountability or punishment. Some people who see calling out others as a form of accountability say it\u2019s a way to expose social ills such as misinformation, racism, ignorance or hate, or a way to make people face what they say online head-on by explaining themselves. In all, 8% of Americans who see calling out others as a way to hold people accountable for their actions voice these types of arguments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"pull-left wp-block-paragraph\">Those who see calling others out as a form of punishment, by contrast, say it reflects people canceling anyone they disagree with or forcing their views on others. Some respondents feel people are trying to marginalize White voices and history. Others in this group believe that people who call out others are being disingenuous and doing so in an attempt to make themselves look good. In total, these types of arguments were raised by 9% of people who see calling out others as punishment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"pull-left wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-8\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"should-people-speak-up-if-they-are-offended\"><br>Should people speak up if they are offended?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"pull-left wp-block-paragraph\">Arguments for why calling out others is accountability or punishment also involve a small but notable share who debate whether calling others out on social media is the best course of action for someone who finds a particular post offensive. Some 5% of people who see calling out others as punishment say those who find a post offensive should not engage with the post. Instead, they should take a different course of action, such as removing themselves from the situation by ignoring the post or blocking someone if they don\u2019t like what that person has to say. However, 4% of those who see calling out others as a form of accountability believe it is imperative to speak up because saying nothing changes nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure id=\"interactive-graphic-insert-9\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond these five main areas of contention, some Americans see shades of gray when it comes to calling out other people on social media and say it can be difficult to classify this kind of behavior as a form of either accountability or punishment. They note that there can be great variability from case to case, and that the efficacy of this approach is by no means uniform: Sometimes those who are being called out may respond with heartfelt apologies but others may erupt in anger and frustration. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/cancel-culture-acknowledgments\/\">Acknowledgments<\/a><\/em> <em>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/cancel-culture-appendix-coding-information\/\">Appendix<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2021\/05\/19\/cancel-culture-methodology\/\">Methodology<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/05\/PI_2021.05.19_Cancel-Culture_TOPLINE.pdf\">Topline <\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading open-ended-responses is-style-page-header\" id=\"open-ended-responses\">What Americans say about cancel culture and calling out others on social media<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below, we have gathered a selection of quotes from three open-ended survey questions that address two key topics. Americans who\u2019ve heard of the term cancel culture were asked to define what it means to&nbsp;them. After&nbsp;answering a closed-ended question about whether calling out others on social media was more likely to hold people accountable for their actions or punish people who didn\u2019t deserve it, they&nbsp;were asked to explain why they held this view&nbsp;\u2013 that is,&nbsp;they were either asked why they&nbsp;saw&nbsp;it as accountability or why they&nbsp;saw&nbsp;it as punishment.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-prc-platform-feature-loader\" id=\"js-interactive\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>U.S. adults explain \u2013 in their own words \u2013 what they think cancel culture 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