{"id":92857,"date":"2022-03-17T09:50:22","date_gmt":"2022-03-17T14:50:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-methodology\/"},"modified":"2025-09-08T14:21:02","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T18:21:02","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-methodology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-methodology\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in both English and Spanish. The panel is being managed by Ipsos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data in this report is drawn from the panel wave conducted from Nov. 1 to Nov. 7, 2021. A total of 10,260 panelists responded out of 11,492 who were sampled, for a response rate of 89%. The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 10,260 respondents is plus or minus 1.6 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Panel recruitment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The ATP was created in 2014, with the first cohort of panelists invited to join the panel at the end of a large, national, landline and cellphone random-digit-dial survey that was conducted in both English and Spanish. Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same method in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Across these three surveys, a total of 19,718 adults were invited to join the ATP, of whom 9,942 (50%) agreed to participate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 2018, the ATP switched from telephone to address-based recruitment. Invitations were sent to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Delivery Sequence File. Sampled households receive mailings asking a randomly selected adult to complete a survey online. A question at the end of the survey asks if the respondent is willing to join the ATP. Starting in 2020 another stage was added to the recruitment. Households that do not respond to the online survey are sent a paper version of the questionnaire, $5 and a postage-paid return envelope. A subset of the adults returning the paper version of the survey are invited to join the ATP. This subset of adults receive a follow-up mailing with a $10 pre-incentive and invitation to join the ATP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Across the four address-based recruitments, a total of 19,578 adults were invited to join the ATP, of whom 17,257 agreed to join the panel and completed an initial profile survey. In each household, the adult with the next birthday was asked to go online to complete a survey, at the end of which they were invited to join the panel. Of the 27,199 individuals who have ever joined the ATP, 11,492 remained active panelists and continued to receive survey invitations at the time this survey was conducted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Delivery Sequence File has been estimated to cover as much as 98% of the population, although some studies suggest that the coverage could be in the low 90% range.[3. numoffset = “3”AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. \u201cAAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling<\/a>.\u201d] The American Trends Panel never uses breakout routers or chains that direct respondents to additional surveys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Sample design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The overall target population for this survey was non-institutionalized persons ages 18 and older, living in the U.S., including Alaska and Hawaii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questionnaire development and testing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with Ipsos. The web program was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the Ipsos project management team and Pew Research Center researchers. The Ipsos project management team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Incentives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or a gift code to Amazon.com or could choose to decline the incentive. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data collection protocol<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The data collection field period for this survey was Nov. 1 to Nov. 7, 2021. Postcard notifications were mailed to all ATP panelists with a known residential address on Nov. 1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Invitations were sent out in two separate launches: Soft Launch and Full Launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Nov. 1, 2021. The ATP panelists chosen for the initial soft launch were known responders who had completed previous ATP surveys within one day of receiving their invitation. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Nov. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All panelists with an email address received an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. All ATP panelists that consented to SMS messages received an SMS invitation and up to two SMS reminders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Data quality checks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

To ensure high-quality data, the Center\u2019s researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing clear patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for very high rates of leaving questions blank, as well as always selecting the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, 19 ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The ATP data is weighted in a multistep process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of selection for their initial recruitment survey. The base weights for panelists recruited in different years are scaled to be proportionate to the effective sample size for all active panelists in their cohort and then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition. If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of the population benchmarks used for weighting come from surveys conducted prior to the coronavirus outbreak that began in February 2020. However, the weighting variables for panelists recruited in 2021 were measured at the time they were recruited to the panel. Likewise, the profile variables for existing panelists were updated from panel surveys conducted in July or August 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This does not pose a problem for most of the variables used in the weighting, which are quite stable at both the population and individual levels. However, volunteerism may have changed over the intervening period in ways that made their 2021 measurements incompatible with the available (pre-pandemic) benchmarks. To address this, volunteerism is weighted using the profile variables that were measured in 2020. For all other weighting dimensions, the more recent panelist measurements from 2021 are used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For panelists recruited in 2021, plausible values were imputed using the 2020 volunteerism values from existing panelists with similar characteristics. This ensures that any patterns of change that were observed in the existing panelists were also reflected in the new recruits when the weighting was performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A note about the Asian sample<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

This survey includes a total sample size of 356 Asian Americans. The sample includes English-speaking Asian Americans only and, therefore, may not be representative of the overall Asian American population Despite this limitation, it is important to report the views of Asian Americans on the topics in this study. As always, Asian Americans\u2019 responses are incorporated into the general population figures throughout this report. Because of the relatively small sample size and a reduction in precision due to weighting, we are not able to analyze Asian American respondents by demographic categories, such as gender, age or education, nor are we able to report overall findings for Asian adults within each of the individual survey forms. For more, see \u201cPolling methods are changing, but reporting the views of Asian Americans remains a challenge<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dispositions and response rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[300,299,165,297,263,266,329,282,279,441,367,38,110,307,352,283,273],"tags":[],"bylines":[957,939,913,940],"collection":[],"datasets":[1795],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[526,518],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-92857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-algorithms","category-artificial-intelligence","category-biotech","category-emerging-technology","category-gene-editing","category-human-enhancement","category-misinformation","category-misinformation-online","category-online-privacy-security","category-police","category-police-2","category-political-issues","category-privacy-rights","category-social-media","category-social-media-news","category-tech-companies-1","category-technology-policy-issues","bylines-alec-tyson","bylines-cary-funk","bylines-lee-rainie","bylines-monica-anderson","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-99","formats-report","research-teams-internet","research-teams-science"],"label":false,"post_parent":92838,"word_count":1438,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-methodology\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":115294,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":115294,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":115294,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":115294,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":115294,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":115294,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_22.03.06_AIandHE_featured.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":92838,"title":"AI and Human Enhancement: Americans\u2019 Openness Is Tempered by a Range of Concerns","slug":"ai-and-human-enhancement-americans-openness-is-tempered-by-a-range-of-concerns","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-and-human-enhancement-americans-openness-is-tempered-by-a-range-of-concerns\/","is_active":false},{"id":92851,"title":"1. 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Mixed views about social media companies using algorithms to find false information","slug":"mixed-views-about-social-media-companies-using-algorithms-to-find-false-information","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/mixed-views-about-social-media-companies-using-algorithms-to-find-false-information\/","is_active":false},{"id":92842,"title":"4. Americans cautious about the deployment of driverless cars","slug":"americans-cautious-about-the-deployment-of-driverless-cars","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/americans-cautious-about-the-deployment-of-driverless-cars\/","is_active":false},{"id":92832,"title":"5. What Americans think about possibilities ahead for human enhancement","slug":"what-americans-think-about-possibilities-ahead-for-human-enhancement","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/what-americans-think-about-possibilities-ahead-for-human-enhancement\/","is_active":false},{"id":92825,"title":"6. Public cautious about enhancing cognitive function using computer chip implants in the brain","slug":"public-cautious-about-enhancing-cognitive-function-using-computer-chip-implants-in-the-brain","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/public-cautious-about-enhancing-cognitive-function-using-computer-chip-implants-in-the-brain\/","is_active":false},{"id":92855,"title":"7. Americans are closely divided over editing a baby\u2019s genes to reduce serious health risk","slug":"americans-are-closely-divided-over-editing-a-babys-genes-to-reduce-serious-health-risk","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/americans-are-closely-divided-over-editing-a-babys-genes-to-reduce-serious-health-risk\/","is_active":false},{"id":92834,"title":"8. Mixed views about a future with widespread use of robotic exoskeletons to increase strength for manual labor jobs","slug":"mixed-views-about-a-future-with-widespread-use-of-robotic-exoskeletons-to-increase-strength-for-manual-labor-jobs","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/mixed-views-about-a-future-with-widespread-use-of-robotic-exoskeletons-to-increase-strength-for-manual-labor-jobs\/","is_active":false},{"id":92840,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"ai-he-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-he-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":92857,"title":"Methodology","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-methodology\/","is_active":true},{"id":92847,"title":"Appendix","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-appendix\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_5huh2z5rd","type":"report","attachmentId":115293,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PS_2022.03.17_AI-HE_REPORT.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"key":"_203s11m15","type":"topline","attachmentId":114733,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/03\/PI_2022.03.17_ai-he-TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"type":"dataset","id":1795,"label":"American Trends Panel Wave 99","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/american-trends-panel-wave-99\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":92857,"title":"Methodology","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-methodology\/","is_active":true,"page_num":11},"next_post":{"id":92847,"title":"Appendix","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-appendix\/","is_active":false,"page_num":12},"previous_post":{"id":92840,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"ai-he-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-he-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},"pagination_items":[{"id":92838,"title":"AI and Human Enhancement: Americans\u2019 Openness Is Tempered by a Range of Concerns","slug":"ai-and-human-enhancement-americans-openness-is-tempered-by-a-range-of-concerns","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-and-human-enhancement-americans-openness-is-tempered-by-a-range-of-concerns\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":92851,"title":"1. 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What Americans think about possibilities ahead for human enhancement","slug":"what-americans-think-about-possibilities-ahead-for-human-enhancement","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/what-americans-think-about-possibilities-ahead-for-human-enhancement\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":92825,"title":"6. Public cautious about enhancing cognitive function using computer chip implants in the brain","slug":"public-cautious-about-enhancing-cognitive-function-using-computer-chip-implants-in-the-brain","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/public-cautious-about-enhancing-cognitive-function-using-computer-chip-implants-in-the-brain\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":92855,"title":"7. Americans are closely divided over editing a baby\u2019s genes to reduce serious health risk","slug":"americans-are-closely-divided-over-editing-a-babys-genes-to-reduce-serious-health-risk","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/americans-are-closely-divided-over-editing-a-babys-genes-to-reduce-serious-health-risk\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":92834,"title":"8. Mixed views about a future with widespread use of robotic exoskeletons to increase strength for manual labor jobs","slug":"mixed-views-about-a-future-with-widespread-use-of-robotic-exoskeletons-to-increase-strength-for-manual-labor-jobs","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/mixed-views-about-a-future-with-widespread-use-of-robotic-exoskeletons-to-increase-strength-for-manual-labor-jobs\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":92840,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"ai-he-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-he-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},{"id":92857,"title":"Methodology","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-methodology\/","is_active":true,"page_num":11},{"id":92847,"title":"Appendix","slug":"ai-human-enhancement-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/ai-human-enhancement-appendix\/","is_active":false,"page_num":12}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"AI and Human Enhancement: Americans\u2019 Openness Is Tempered by a Range of Concerns","parent_id":92838},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Methodology","description":"The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. 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