{"id":90620,"date":"2007-08-20T00:00:01","date_gmt":"2007-08-20T05:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2007\/08\/20\/methodology-68-2\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:12:31","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:12:31","slug":"methodology-68-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/methodology-68-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> As a special report for PEJ\u2019s weekly News Coverage Index (NCI), the Quarterly Report is based on the aggregated data collected from April 1, 2007 \u2013 June 29, 2007 (the 2nd quarter of 2007). <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> Examining the news agenda of 48 different outlets in five media sectors, including newspapers, online, network TV, cable TV, and radio, the NCI is designed to provide news consumers, journalists and researchers with hard data about what stories and topics the media are covering, the trajectories of major stories and differences among news platforms. Following a rotation system, 35 outlets each weekday were selected as well as 7 newspapers each Sunday. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> For its News Index PEJ monitors 48 different news outlets each week (35 per week-day) from five different media sectors <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Newspapers<\/strong> (Thirteen in all, Sun-Fri)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NY Times every day <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Code 2 out of these 4 every day <\/u><br> Wash Post <br> LA Times <br> USA Today <br> Wall Street Journal <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Code 2 out of these 4 every day<br> <\/u>The Boston Globe<br> Star Tribune<br> Austin American-Statesman<br> Albuquerque Journal <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Code 2 out of these 4 every day<br> <\/u>The Sun Chronicle <br> Star Beacon<br> The Chattanooga Times Free Press<br> The Bakersfield Californian <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Web sites<\/strong> (Five in all, Mon-Fri) <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CNN.com <br> Yahoo News <br> MSNBC.com <br> Google News <br> AOL News <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Network TV<\/strong> (Seven in all, Mon-Fri) <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><u>Morning shows <br> <\/u>ABC \u2013 Good Morning America <br> CBS \u2013 Early Show <br> NBC &#8211; Today <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Evening news <br> <\/u>ABC \u2013 World News Tonight <br> CBS \u2013 CBS Evening News <br> NBC \u2013 NBC Nightly News <br> PBS \u2013 Newshour with Jim Lehrer <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Cable TV<\/strong> (Fifteen in all, Mon-Fri) <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Daytime <\/u>(1\u20131:30 pm) \u2013 code 2 out of 3 every day <br> CNN <br> Fox News <br> MSNBC <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Nighttime CNN<\/u> \u2013 code 3 out of the 4 every day <br> Lou Dobbs Tonight <br> Situation Room (7 pm) <br> Paula Zahn Now <br> Anderson Cooper 360 <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><u>Nighttime Fox News<\/u> \u2013 code 3 out of the 4 every day <br> Special Report w\/ Brit Hume <br> Fox Report w\/ Shepard Smith <br> O\u2019Reilly Factor <br> Hannity &amp; Colmes <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Nighttime MSNBC<\/u> \u2013 code 2 out of the 4 every day <br> Tucker (6 pm) <br> Hardball (7 pm) <br> Countdown w\/ Keith Olbermann <br> Scarborough Country <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Radio <\/strong>(Eight in all, Mon-Fri) <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Headlines every day<\/u> <br> ABC Radio headlines at 9am and 5pm <br> CBS Radio headlines at 9am and 5pm <br> NPR Morning Edition every day <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Talk Radio<\/u> <br> Rush Limbaugh every day <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> 1 out of 2 additional conservatives each day <br> Sean Hannity <br> Michael Savage <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> 1 out of 2 liberals each day <br> Ed Schultz <br> Randi Rhodes <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> From that content, PEJ analyzes all stories with a national or international focus that appearing as follows: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" style=\"margin-top: 0in\">\n<li>On the front page of newspapers <\/li>\n<li>In the entirety of commercial network evening newscasts.<\/li>\n<li>The first 30 minutes of network morning news, the PBS evening news, and all cable programs <\/li>\n<li>The top 5 stories on each website at the time of capture\u00a0 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> The resulting universe of stories was coded by a team, which is made up of 8 trained coders, a coding administrator, and a senior research methodologist. The <a href=\"\/about_news_index\/methodology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">complete methodology<\/a>\u00a0for the weekly NCI has further details on the coding system and coder reliability.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> This report aggregates the NCI from April 1, 2007- June 29, 2007. The resulting universe totals 18,010 news stories, 459 hours of broadcast content (148 hours from network TV, 224 hours from cable, 87 hours from radio), 2.16 million words in newspapers, and 1.10 million words from news websites. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The following is some additional methodology information that applies specifically to the quarterly report. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Intercoder Reliability Testing<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> In order to continue to assure that our coding is performed with a high level of reliability, we have performed multiple tests of intercoder agreement with all of our coders. <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> During the 2nd quarter of 2007 we have had 8 professional coders work on the Weekly News Index project.\u00a0 All were included in our intercoder testing. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Housekeeping Variables<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> We first conducted a test of the \u201chousekeeping\u201d variables of the index in April.\u00a0 For this test, we selected a random sample of 151 stories from each of the 5 media sectors we cover. Each story was coded by two different coders.\u00a0 This represented more than 10% of the number of stories we code in a given week. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Of those stories, 32 were print stories (newspaper and online) and 119 were broadcast stories (television and radio). For our housekeeping variables, we achieved the following levels of agreement: <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Print <\/u>(32 cases)<br> Story Date: 100%<br> Source: 100%<br> Story word count (+- 20 words): 90%<br> Placement: 94% <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> <u>Broadcast<\/u> (119 cases)<br> Story Date: 100%<br> Source: 100%<br> Broadcast start time: 100%<br> Headline: 100%<br> Story start time (+- 6 seconds): 91%<br> Placement: 93%<br> Story end time (+- 6 seconds): 92% <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Main Variables<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> Having demonstrated that we had a high level of agreement for all of our housekeeping variables, we then had the coders participate in an additional test to determine the level of agreement for the main variables of the index. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0We randomly selected 116 stories from both print and broadcast mediums, which represent about 8% of the stories we code in a typical week. \u00a0The level of agreement for each of our key variables was as follows:\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> Format: 89%<br> Big Story: 91%<br> Sub-storyline: 87%<br> Geographic Focus: 91%<br> Topic: 85% <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> We will continue to conduct further tests of intercoder agreement in the coming months in order to assure continued quality in our coding processes. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Lexis-Nexis Search for Candidate Mentions<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Note: The following methodology applies only to PEJ\u2019s search for candidate names (LINK) and not to the majority of data included in this report and the weekly News Coverage Index reports.\u00a0 For a detailed methodology about how the weekly News Index data is compiled, <a href=\"\/about_news_index\/methodology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">go here<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The Lexis-Nexis database search was conducted for each of the three leading candidates, from both the Republican and Democratic fields; and also for Fred Thompson and Mayor Bloomberg. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The newspapers included in this search were: <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 New York Times<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Washington Post<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Los Angeles Times<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 USA Today<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boston Globe<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Star Tribune (MN)<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chattanooga Times Free Press<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Albuquerque Journal<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Austin American-Statesmen\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> We also searched news transcripts from the three major network television stations. The transcripts for the network television stations include a number of programs that are not included in PEJ\u2019s weekly sample.\u00a0 Also, Lexis has transcripts for the entire programs so some segments that do not appear in the weekly index coding would be included in this Lexis search. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The television programs included in the search were: <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABC <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 World News Tonight<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This Week<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20\/20<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Good Morning America <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CBS <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 60 Minutes<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CBS Evening News<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Early Show<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Face the Nation <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NBC <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Meet the Press<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NBC Nightly News<br> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Today <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PBS <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NewsHour with Jim Lehrer <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt\" class=\"MsoNormal wp-block-paragraph\"> For both newspapers and the television transcripts, searches were conducted using the last names of the candidates that appeared in either the headline or lead paragraphs of the story. The reason for searching for the names in the headline or lead paragraphs was to determine the number of stories that focused on the candidates. Another option would have been to search for mentions anywhere in the article or transcript which would have yielded more results, but would have also included many stories where the candidates were not central to the story. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The exceptions for using the candidate\u2019s last name were Hillary Clinton; John Edwards Fred Thompson, and Mayor Bloomberg. Because of former President Bill Clinton, a search of the name \u201cClinton\u201d would yield many articles about him and not the current Senator from New York.\u00a0 In addition, many articles refer to the candidate as \u201cHillary Clinton\u201d while others refer to her as \u201cHillary Rodham Clinton\u201d. Therefore, we searched for both options in order to get the proper total number of stories. In locating stories on \u201cJohn Edwards\u201d and \u201cFred Thompson\u201d, full names of the candidates were used due in part that Edwards and Thompson are both widely used last names in the US. For Mayor Bloomberg, \u201cMayor Bloomberg\u201d was used as a search term to avoid including stories on Bloomberg industries or individuals with the same last name. Many articles refer to Michael Bloomberg as \u201cMayor Bloomberg.&#8221; <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As a special report for PEJ\u2019s weekly News Coverage Index (NCI), the Quarterly Report is based on the aggregated data collected from April 1, 2007 \u2013 June 29, 2007 (the 2nd quarter of 2007). Examining the news agenda of 48 different outlets in five media sectors, including newspapers, online, network TV, cable TV, and radio, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":null,"sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[527],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-90620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","formats-report","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":92064,"word_count":1236,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/methodology-68-2\/","art_direction":false,"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":92064,"title":"Campaign for President Takes Center Stage in Coverage","slug":"campaign-for-president-takes-center-stage-in-coverage","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/campaign-for-president-takes-center-stage-in-coverage\/","is_active":false},{"id":92070,"title":"The 2008 Campaign: An Escalating War","slug":"the-2008-campaign-an-escalating-war","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/the-2008-campaign-an-escalating-war\/","is_active":false},{"id":92073,"title":"Iraq War Coverage Drops Off In 2nd Quarter","slug":"iraq-war-coverage-drops-off-in-2nd-quarter","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/iraq-war-coverage-drops-off-in-2nd-quarter\/","is_active":false},{"id":90605,"title":"Biggest Story by Week \u2013 Virginia Tech","slug":"biggest-story-by-week-virginia-tech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/biggest-story-by-week-virginia-tech\/","is_active":false},{"id":90630,"title":"Immigration and Paris Hilton","slug":"immigration-and-paris-hilton","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/immigration-and-paris-hilton\/","is_active":false},{"id":90612,"title":"General Topics","slug":"general-topics","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/general-topics\/","is_active":false},{"id":90620,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-68-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/methodology-68-2\/","is_active":true},{"id":90581,"title":"Topline \u2013 Part 1","slug":"topline-part-1","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/08\/20\/topline-part-1\/","is_active":false},{"id":90593,"title":"Topline 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