{"id":90470,"date":"2007-10-29T00:00:01","date_gmt":"2007-10-29T05:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2007\/10\/29\/methodology-38-5\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:16:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:16:26","slug":"methodology-38-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/methodology-38-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" align=\"center\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"for-a-pdf-of-the-topline-data-click-here\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"><strong>For a PDF of the topline data, click <\/strong><a href=\"\/sites\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/topline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>here<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" align=\"center\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">This is a joint report by the Project for Excellence in Journalism funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">PEJ and Shorenstein together designed the study, analyzed findings and wrote the report. The content analysis was conducted at PEJ by PEJ staff, with the financial support of both the Shorenstein Center and the Pew Charitable Trusts. Marion Just was the lead researcher from The Shorenstein Center.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Sample Design <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The content studied is based on coverage originally analyzed for PEJ\u2019s weekly News Coverage Index (NCI) from January 1-May 31, 2007. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Each week the NCI examines the coverage from 48 different outlets in five media sectors, including newspapers, online news, network TV, cable TV, and radio. Following a rotation system, 35 outlets each weekday are studied as well as 7 newspapers each Sunday. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The media outlets examined are as follows: <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Newspapers<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> (Thirteen in all, Sun-Fri) Five large circulation newspapers, four regional major metropolitan dailies, and four smaller circulation papers. At the suggestion of our academic advisors, one paper, the New York Times, was captured every day to have one \u201cpaper of record.\u201d <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">NY Times every day <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Code 2 out of these 4 every day<\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <br> Washington Post <br> Los Angeles Times <br> USA Today <br> Wall Street Journal <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Code 2 out of these 4 every day<br> <\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The Boston Globe<br> Star Tribune (Minneapolis)<br> Austin American-Statesman<br> Albuquerque Journal <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Code 2 out of these 4 every day<br> <\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The Sun Chronicle (Boston, MA)<span style=\"color: red\"><br> <\/span>Star Beacon (Ashtabula, Ohio)<br> The Chattanooga Times Free Press<br> The Bakersfield Californian <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Web sites <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">(Five in all, Mon-Fri) <\/span><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CNN.com <br> Yahoo News <br> MSNBC.com <br> Google News <br> AOL News<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Network TV<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> (Seven in all, Mon-Fri) <\/span><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><u>Morning shows<\/u> <br> ABC \u2013 Good Morning America <br> CBS \u2013 Early Show <br> NBC &#8211; Today <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Evening news<\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <br> ABC \u2013 World News Tonight <br> CBS \u2013 CBS Evening News <br> NBC \u2013 NBC Nightly News <br> PBS \u2013 Newshour with Jim Lehrer <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Cable TV<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> (Fifteen in all, Mon-Fri) <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Daytime <\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">code 2 out of 3 every day*<br> CNN <br> Fox News <br> MSNBC <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">*From Jan. 1 to March 16 coded from 1-1:30 p.m. EST; from March 19 on, coded from 2-2:30 p.m. EST<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Nighttime CNN<\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> \u2013 code 3 out of the 4 every day <br> Lou Dobbs Tonight <br> Situation Room (7 pm) <br> Paula Zahn Now <br> Anderson Cooper 360 <\/span><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><u>Nighttime Fox News<\/u> \u2013 code 3 out of the 4 every day <br> Special Report w\/ Brit Hume <br> Fox Report w\/ Shepard Smith <br> O\u2019Reilly Factor <br> Hannity &amp; Colmes<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Nighttime MSNBC<\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> \u2013 code 2 out of the 4 every day <br> Tucker (6 pm) <br> Hardball (7 pm) <br> Countdown w\/ Keith Olbermann <br> Scarborough Country <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Radio <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">(Eight in all, Mon-Fri) <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Headlines every day<\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <br> ABC Radio headlines at 9am and 5pm <br> CBS Radio headlines at 9am and 5pm <br> NPR Morning Edition every day <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Talk Radio<\/span><\/u><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <br> Rush Limbaugh every day <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">1 out of 2 additional conservatives each day <br> Sean Hannity <br> Michael Savage <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">1 out of 2 liberals each day <br> Ed Schultz <br> Randi Rhodes <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">From that content, the study included all campaign related stories:<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" style=\"margin-top: 0in\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">On the front page of newspapers <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">In the entirety of commercial network evening newscasts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The first 30 minutes of network morning news, the PBS evening news, and all cable programs <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0pt;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The top 5 stories on each website at the time of capture<span> <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The basic NCI codebook codes for topic at three different levels, and also includes date coded, Story ID number, story date, source, broadcast start time, broadcast story start timecode, headline, story word count, placement\/prominence, story format, story describer, and broadcast story ending timecode. The complete <span style=\"color: red\"><a href=\"\/about_talk_show_index\/methodology\">methodology<\/a><\/span> for the weekly NCI has further details on the coding system and inter-coder reliability.<span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Story Collection<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">For this analysis, we began by pulling all stories from January 1 \u2013 May 31, 2007 originally coded as election-campaign stories.<span> <\/span>The resulted in the following: 1,742 news stories were analyzed, including 1,468 stories (68.2 hours) of broadcast content (454 stories with 16.7 hours from network TV, 722 stories with 37.9<span> <\/span>hours from cable, 292 stories with 13.6 hours from radio), 168 stories in newspapers, and 106 stories from news websites.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Coding Design<\/span><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">A coding protocol was designed for this project based on PEJ\u2019s and Professor Just\u2019s previous related studies and the particular aims of the PEJ-Shorenstein study. In addition to the existing variables in the NCI, the campaign study included a variety of variables designed to probe about the election. These included dateline, recurring campaign theme, primary figure, tone for primary figure, secondary figure, tone for secondary figure, general topic category, story trigger, and story impact.<span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;color: blue;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">In particular: <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Dateline<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> designates the state\/city dateline of the story. Variable recurring lead designates the recurring lead, or \u201cbig story\u201d element, if any, within each story. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Primary figure<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> is the candidate or campaign organization, or other figure that dominates the story. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Primary figure tone<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> reflects whether the journalist\u2019s tone is constructed in a way, via use of quotes, assertions, or innuendo, which results in positive, neutral, or negative coverage for the story\u2019s primary figure as it relates to the topic of the story. While reading or listening to a story, coders tally up all the comments that have either a negative or positive tone to the reporting. Direct and indirect quotes are counted. In order for a story either positive or negative, it must have 1.5 times the amount of positive or negative comments (with an exception for 2 to 3, which is coded as neutral). If the headline or lead has a positive or negative tone, it should be counted twice into the total value. Also counted twice for tone are the first three paragraphs or first four sentences, whichever comes first.<span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Election topic<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> measures the broad election-related topic, or what the story is about \u201con its face.\u201d In addition, each broad topic was also segmented into several \u201csub-topic\u201d categories for further specification. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Story trigger<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> indicates who initiated the story\u2014the action, event or editorial decision that makes this news, thus triggering its publication. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Story impact<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> designates the individual or group whose interests are at stake or were affected by events in the story. They could be citizens, politicians, interest groups, non- U.S. citizens, other. A story had citizen impact if it conveyed information that would be useful to voters in determining how someone would govern.<span> <\/span>At least 50% of the story had to relate directly to that group. Coders were instructed if they could infer a citizen impact to default to that category.<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Coding Team &amp; Process<\/span><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Using the existing data in the Index and adding the codes for new variables, the team responsible for performing the content analysis is made up of the five trained coders, a coding administrator, and a senior research methodologist on the PEJ staff.<span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">In coder-training, inter-coder reliability tests were conducted for all variables. For the variables derived from PEJ\u2019s weekly Index, the average level agreement was 96%. For the new variables, initial tests found levels of agreement of 80% or greater for all but two variables (election topic and story impact). For those two variables, clarifications were made to the codebook and additional training implemented. An additional test was conducted later in the process and both variables reached a level above 80% agreement. In total, testing was conducted on 5% of the sample. In addition, the coding administrator monitored coding throughout the process to ensure levels were maintained. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">The specific levels of agreement for the variables in this study were as follows:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"> <\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Dateline: 92%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Recurring Lead: 83%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Primary Figure: 92%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Tone for Primary Figure: 86%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Story Trigger: 83%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Story Impact: 85%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\">Election Topic: 83%<\/span> <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"for-a-pdf-of-the-topline-data-click-here\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial\"><strong>For a PDF of the topline data, click <\/strong><a href=\"\/sites\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/topline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>here<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u00a0 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 For a PDF of the topline data, click here. This is a joint report by the Project for Excellence in Journalism funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. PEJ and Shorenstein together designed the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":139,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":null,"sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[527],"class_list":["post-90470","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","formats-report","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":90576,"word_count":1212,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/methodology-38-5\/","art_direction":false,"_embeds":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":90576,"title":"The Invisible Primary \u2013 Invisible No Longer","slug":"the-invisible-primaryinvisible-no-longer","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/the-invisible-primaryinvisible-no-longer\/","is_active":false},{"id":90584,"title":"The Early Start, the Public and the Press","slug":"the-early-start-the-public-and-the-press","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/the-early-start-the-public-and-the-press\/","is_active":false},{"id":90589,"title":"Election Topics","slug":"election-topics","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/election-topics\/","is_active":false},{"id":90597,"title":"Impact","slug":"impact","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/impact\/","is_active":false},{"id":90604,"title":"The Competition for 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Exposure","slug":"the-competition-for-exposure","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/the-competition-for-exposure\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":90613,"title":"Tone","slug":"tone-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/tone-2\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":90621,"title":"The Candidates","slug":"the-candidates-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2007\/10\/29\/the-candidates-2\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":90632,"title":"The Media 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