{"id":90086,"date":"2009-04-28T00:00:01","date_gmt":"2009-04-28T05:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2009\/04\/28\/focus-coverage\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:16:21","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:16:21","slug":"focus-coverage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2009\/04\/28\/focus-coverage\/","title":{"rendered":"Focus of Coverage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the tone of coverage of Obama\u2019s first days in office differed significantly from that of Bill Clinton and George Bush, so too did the focus of stories about the new President. Compared with his predecessors, the press narrative about Obama featured considerably less attention to policy and ideology and substantially more to such matters as Obama\u2019s leadership ability, management style and political skills\u2014coverage often cast in a highly tactical and strategic context. <\/p>\n\n<figure><a href=\"\/charts\/chartland2.php?vid=2471\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/legacy\/u29\/12_character_stories.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"371\" height=\"324\" align=\"right\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To some extent at least, those differences reflect the unique circumstances under which Obama took office. Faced with an historic financial crisis, he reacted with a sequence of major initiatives that seemed to orient coverage more toward assessments of whether Obama was succeeding than the philosophy and details of what he was proposing. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This focus on character and leadership is evident first in the topics of the Obama coverage\u2014the basic subject of each story or segment. Fully 44% of all stories studied dealt with Obama himself, or his key appointments, as opposed to policy issues. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is double the percentage of stories that were focused on these personal aspects of Bush\u2019s early presidency (22%) and substantially more than that of Clinton in 1993 (26%). <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of this coverage, fully 26% of all stories studied, specifically concerned Obama\u2019s management style and political skills (compared with 11% for both Bush and Clinton in the first 60 days of their tenures.) <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, a notably smaller percentage of Obama\u2019s coverage than his predecessors\u2019 focused on policy, or where he wanted to take the country. Stories at least nominally about policy made up 55% of all the Obama coverage studied, compared with 71% for Clinton and 74% for Bush. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When policy was the subject, which of Obama\u2019s initiatives got the attention?\u00a0 Fully three quarters of his domestic policy stories involved either his budget or the economic crisis. That intense focus on one overarching financial theme also stands in contrast to his two predecessors, who generated substantial attention for a wider variety of domestic initiatives. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his first months in office, for example, Clinton generated considerable attention to his approach to gays in the military (7%) and health care and issues affecting seniors (5%). A substantial portion of Bush\u2019s policy-oriented coverage was focused on education (6%), religion (6%), and the environment (5%). In contrast, Obama received little coverage of any domestic issue not directly related to the economic crisis or budget matters. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/legacy\/u29\/13.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"282\" height=\"134\" align=\"left\"><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And despite the series of daunting foreign policy challenges facing Obama\u2014from Iran\u2019s nuclear ambitions to the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\u2014there was also less coverage of foreign policy and defense issues for the new President (16%) than for either Clinton (20%) or Bush (18%). \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One reason for the greater focus on character and leadership seemed to be that in trying to take stock of everything that was happening in the Obama administration the media focused on the president\u2019s temperament and management style as the unifying theme.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On February 15, for instance, three weeks after Obama\u2019s inauguration, the Washington Post editorialized about a presidency that had already been \u201cthrough a whirlwind,\u201d and lauded Obama for a style perhaps well-suited to navigating such a grave economic downturn. \u201cThe sober approach Mr. Obama has taken since his election, underscoring the severity of the situation and taking pains to avoid over-promising results, may help keep the patient calm in the months that it will take to gauge the medication&#8217;s effectiveness,\u201d the Post declared.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This personal focus of the media coverage is even more striking when one drills down deeper into how stories\u2014especially news accounts\u2014were put together or framed. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only a quarter of all the Obama stories studied (26%) were framed around explaining the implications of his policies\u2014about half the percentage of Bush 48% and far less than Clinton 35%.<\/p>\n\n<figure><a href=\"\/charts\/chartland2.php?vid=2471\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/legacy\/u29\/14_Policy_Stories.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"513\" height=\"325\" align=\"right\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Far more (39%) were constructed around the strategy and tactics of the Obama presidency. That is nearly double the percentage for Clinton (22%) and triple of that for Bush (14%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the more personal nature of the coverage is reinforced by still another measure that the study examined, the underlying theme of the stories\u2014or the basis upon which the presidents were being evaluated. Where the bulk of stories evaluated both Bush and Clinton based on his policy agenda (65% for Bush and 58% for Clinton), a noticeably smaller number did so far Obama (50%). In contrast, a higher percentage of stories were assessing Obama based on his leadership ability (43%), high than either Bush (31%) or Clinton (37%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whether the evaluations were positive, negative or mixed, Obama\u2019s leadership ability and strategic skills\u2014rather then the merits of specific proposals\u2014were often the focus of media coverage in the first months of his presidency \u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On February 13, less than a month after Obama took office, those qualities were evaluated on PBS\u2019s NewsHour, when senior correspondent Judy Woodruff asked commentator David Brooks what he was \u201cseeing\u201d with the new President.<br> \u201cI mean, he\u2019s passed this major piece of legislation, he\u2019s passed SCHIP. From his perspective, he\u2019s doing fine,\u201d said Brooks. \u201cWhere he\u2019s failing is that he set such remarkably high standards for himself: no lobbyists, change politics, bipartisan\u2026. So far, you have to give him a B, not up to the standards he set, but\u2014but successful by his own right.\u201d <br> A less flattering assessment came when former George Bush press secretary Ari Fleischer, in an interview on MSNBC, criticized the new administration for targeting conservative radio talk host Rush Limbaugh. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe issue is the behavior of the president of the United States and his staff. Which Barack Obama is it? Is it the post-partisan Obama or the Barack Obama who sends his staff out to act childish?\u201d Fleischer asked, adding that Obama \u201cis acting more as a petty partisan instead of as the president.\u201d <\/p>\n\n<h4 id=\"why-the-different-obama-focus\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why the different Obama focus?<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The different focus for Obama coverage may well reflect the reality that his first days in office have been very different from his predecessors. In response to the fears of a widespread economic meltdown\u2014perhaps the greatest financial crisis since the Great Depression\u2014he has moved aggressively and quickly with a series of major and sometimes transformative economic initiatives. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On February 10, his Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner unveiled the financial sector bailout package known as TARP II. Three days later, Congress passed the White House-supported $787 billion stimulus package. On February 18, Obama went to Phoenix and announced a housing market plan estimated to ultimately cost up to $275 billion. On February 24, Obama delivered a major prime-time speech to Congress on the economy that was largely designed for consumption in America\u2019s living rooms. Two days later, he unveiled a $3.6 billion budget that dramatically re-ordered the nation\u2019s domestic priorities. Then in late March, Geithner came forward with a detailed plan to deal with \u201ctoxic assets\u201d in the banking sector. <\/p>\n\n<figure><a href=\"\/charts\/chartland2.php?vid=2472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/legacy\/u29\/15_Theme_of_Coverage.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"513\" height=\"331\" align=\"right\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> It seems likely that the strategic nature of Obama\u2019s coverage, and the focus on his leadership, is inextricably linked to the breakneck pace of his initiatives\u2014some of which required Congressional approval and some of which did not. Given the sheer volume of news generated by the President, much of the media\u2019s focus\u2014rather than detailing the ideological or philosophical underpinnings of Obama\u2019s decisions\u2014has been devoted to assessing how well he is doing. Put simply: Is he winning or losing?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In early 2009, the press seemingly tried to answer that question hour-by-hour and day-by -day. One way of evaluating that was to examine the President\u2019s track record with Congress. That was certainly the case with the hotly debated stimulus package that ultimately passed with minimal Republican support. But another method for tallying up Obama\u2019s scorecard was to gauge the impact of his actions on the economy\u2014by looking at everything from unemployment figures to housing foreclosures; from bank earnings statements to the Dow Jones Industrial Average. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One other element that may have affected his coverage is the trend of the news industry\u2014exemplified on the cable news talk shows\u2014toward an ever more immediate horse race-oriented evaluation of the news. The question \u201chow did the President do last week?\u201d on the weekend network panel shows has now morphed into \u201chow did the President do last hour?\u201d on the nightly cable programs. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The growing power of this \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.stateofthemedia.org\/2009\/narrative_overview_majortrends.php?cat=1&amp;media=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">snap judgment<\/a>\u201d culture in the media\u2014often mixed in with ideological commentary\u2014may also have contributed to the greater strategic focus on Obama. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the February 13 NewsHour, Judy Woodruff prefaced the Obama report card segment by noting that the new president has been in office for three-and-a-half weeks. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt\u2019s not too soon to ask\u201d how he\u2019s doing, she ventured. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the current media environment, it\u2019s not considered to soon to ask after three-and-a-half minutes.<\/p>\n\n<h4 id=\"differences-in-obama-coverage-among-media-sectors-and-outlets\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Differences in Obama Coverage among Media Sectors and Outlets<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In directly comparing Obama\u2019s coverage to his two predecessors\u2019, PEJ used the same sample\u2014Newsweek, The New York Times, The Washington Post and the CBS, NBC, ABC and PBS nightly newscasts\u2014for all three presidents. But to get a fuller sense of how the new administration was covered and reflect the more diverse media landscape today, we also broadened Obama\u2019s news universe to include 49 media outlets in five sectors\u2014online, newspaper, radio, broadcast news and cable news. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is noteworthy in the expanded media universe are some significant differences in how various sectors and outlets covered the early months of the Obama tenure. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One broad trend finds that the tone of Obama\u2019s coverage was more favorable in two traditional \u201cold media\u201d sectors\u2014newspapers and network news\u2014than in two newer platforms, cable news and online.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"text-align: center\">\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/legacy\/u29\/16.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"124\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Indeed, striking similarities emerge between newspapers and the three commercial broadcast networks. In both cases, Obama\u2019s positive stories outnumbered the negative ones by about a two-to-one margin (41% to 22% in newspapers and 40% to 19% in network). The neutral coverage in both sectors was also pretty much in sync\u201437% in newspapers and 41% on network.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The daily papers\u2019 overall positive tone for Obama was evident in the both the news reports in the expanded newspaper sample (39% positive versus 18% negative) and in the op eds and editorials studied in the Washington Post and New York Times (43% positive and 27% negative). <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Online, the verdict was considerably more mixed. There, the largest percentage of Obama\u2019s coverage was neutral (48%) and the positive coverage (30%) outweighed the negative (23%) by a relatively modest amount.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On cable news, the tone was equally divided. Fully 38% of the President\u2019s stories were considered neutral compared with 32% positive and 30% negative. But looking at cable in aggregate is somewhat deceptive. For the balance came less in the coverage across the cable channels than in the average of what were three distinctly different portrayals of the president depending on which channel you watched.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the sample sizes are too small to break out specific numbers by channel, the differences are clear enough to characterize. On Fox, the majority of Obama stories were clearly negative in tone, the only outlet studied where that was the case. On MSNBC, the majority of stories were clearly positive in tone, the only outlet studied other than Newsweek where that was the case. Indeed, in that respect, the two channels offered divergent images of Obama. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CNN, meanwhile, looked a great deal more like the rest of the media.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the sample is small, it is not the first time the pattern has showed up. Indeed, the findings mirror the same ideological chasm that PEJ documented in the final months of the presidential campaign in a study entitled \u201c<a href=\"\/node\/13436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Color of News<\/a>\u201d\u2014in which Fox and MSNBC saw the campaign strikingly differently from each other and from the rest of the media, with numbers that are quite similar. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the first 100 days there are many examples of the dueling views of Obama\u2019s early tenure driven by ideological prime time hosts on MSNBC and Fox. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On his February 16 show, for instance, Fox News host Sean Hannity blasted the president for the just-passed stimulus bill. \u201cI think this bill shows a very radical socialist agenda \u2026 and there\u2019s a certain level of dishonesty that I see,\u201d Hannity declared during a discussion with former George Bush advisor Karl Rove, adding that \u201cIf you\u2019re right, I\u2019m right, and there\u2019s a dishonesty factor, what does that mean for the future leadership of Barack Obama?\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On his February 10 program, MSNBC host Keith Olbermann applauded Obama for trying to sell his stimulus package in not-so-friendly public venues. \u201cA curious juxtaposition of presidents,\u201d Olbermann asserted. \u201cThe last one, if he was trying to sell us war, speaks in front of a hand-picked crowd of military families or conservative veterans. This one, if he\u2019s trying to sell us economic stimulus, instead speaks in front of unscreened audiences in two cities that voted for his opponent \u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be noted the pattern is less pronounced in daytime, when cable tends to be newsier and often focuses on breaking events. There, the three cable channels generated about twice as much positive as negative coverage about Obama with half the stories falling into the neutral category, not too different from the media overall. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another finding from \u201c<a href=\"\/node\/13436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Color of News<\/a>\u201d study was reinforced in the first months of the Obama administration. Corporate siblings NBC and MSNBC are very different entities editorially. While MSNBC provided the most favorable coverage of the new president on cable by a wide margin, NBC\u2019s coverage stood out in the broadcast universe for being considerably less positive and more negative about Obama than either CBS or ABC. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notably, two public media outlets had the highest percentage of neutral coverage of the Obama presidency. On PBS\u2019 NewsHour and National Public Radio\u2019s Morning Edition, about half of the coverage was neutral compared to 40% in the media overall. One significant difference, however, was that the NewsHour\u2019s Obama stories were almost four times more positive than negative while on Morning Edition, his coverage was only moderately more positive than negative. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both PBS and NPR also distinguished themselves from the rest of the media when it came to the topics constituting Obama\u2019s coverage. The NewsHour and Morning Edition devoted the highest percentage of stories to foreign affairs\u201422% and 17% respectively, compared with 12% for the press in general. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If the tone of coverage of Obama\u2019s first days in office differed significantly from that of Bill Clinton and George Bush, so too did the focus of stories about the new President. Compared with his predecessors, the press narrative about Obama featured considerably less attention to policy and ideology and substantially more to such matters 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First 100 Days","slug":"obamas-first-100-days","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2009\/04\/28\/obamas-first-100-days\/","is_active":false},{"id":90248,"title":"Total Amount of Coverage","slug":"total-amount-coverage","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2009\/04\/28\/total-amount-coverage\/","is_active":false},{"id":90255,"title":"Tone","slug":"tone","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2009\/04\/28\/tone\/","is_active":false},{"id":90259,"title":"A Consistently Positive Image","slug":"consistently-positive-image","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2009\/04\/28\/consistently-positive-image\/","is_active":false},{"id":90266,"title":"The Grassroots President","slug":"grassroots-president","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2009\/04\/28\/grassroots-president\/","is_active":false},{"id":90273,"title":"News vs. 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