{"id":88175,"date":"2018-05-14T10:45:23","date_gmt":"2018-05-14T15:49:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-references\/"},"modified":"2025-04-07T16:13:16","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T20:13:16","slug":"media-western-europe-references","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-references\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix E: References"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., &amp; Zaslove, A. 2014. \u201cHow populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters.\u201d Comparative political studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Br\u00fcggemann, M., Engesser, S., B\u00fcchel, F., Humprecht, E., &amp; Castro, L. 2014. \u201cHallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems.\u201d Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037-1065.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hallin, D. C., &amp; Mancini, P. (Eds.). 2004. \u201cComparing media systems beyond the Western world.\u201d Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schulz, A., M\u00fcller, P., Schemer, C., Wirz, D. S., Wettstein, M., &amp; Wirth, W. 2017. \u201cMeasuring populist attitudes on three dimensions.\u201d International Journal of Public Opinion Research.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spruyt, B., Keppens, G., &amp; Van Droogenbroeck, F. 2016. \u201cWho supports populism and what attracts people to it?\u201d Political Research Quarterly, 69(2), 335-346.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stanley, B. 2011. \u201cPopulism, nationalism, or national populism? An analysis of Slovak voting behaviour at the 2010 parliamentary election.\u201d Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 44(4), 257-270.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., &amp; Zaslove, A. 2014. \u201cHow populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters.\u201d Comparative political studies, 47(9), 1324-1353. Br\u00fcggemann, M., Engesser, S., B\u00fcchel, F., Humprecht, E., &amp; Castro, L. 2014. \u201cHallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems.\u201d Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037-1065. Hallin, D. C., &amp; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"bylines":[{"key":"7ff30a6b-6732-4ade-bd51-51953d3e07b6","termId":987},{"key":"767acc8c-ead4-44bd-9d9b-17113647de8f","termId":841},{"key":"815d27f2-b71c-4027-baab-ebb217abc99d","termId":983},{"key":"2da9af11-606a-4dae-9dae-9a3a3f3baa1c","termId":954},{"key":"cff2b69c-fe52-4583-9a2d-5234b9e63642","termId":848},{"key":"cc10bdd7-f560-46ee-bc8c-b9e3da98c725","termId":868},{"key":"777b28ed-d085-40a5-805d-bab3f57acd34","termId":784}],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[987,868,848,983,841,824,954,784],"collection":[],"datasets":[1920],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[516,514],"research-teams":[527],"class_list":["post-88175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-amy-mitchell","bylines-courtney-johnson","bylines-elisa-shearer","bylines-katerina-eva-matsa","bylines-katie-simmons","bylines-kyle-taylor","bylines-laura-silver","bylines-mason-walker","datasets-fall-2017-media-and-politics-in-western-europe-survey","formats-report","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-international","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":88170,"word_count":136,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-references\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":88170,"title":"In Western Europe, Public Attitudes Toward News Media More Divided by Populist Views Than Left-Right Ideology","slug":"in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology\/","is_active":false},{"id":88158,"title":"1. Populist views, more than left-right identity, play a role in opinions of the news media in Western Europe","slug":"populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false},{"id":88143,"title":"2. Southern European countries more fragmented in news sources, but for nearly all countries, top main source is public, not private","slug":"southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private\/","is_active":false},{"id":88131,"title":"3. News outlets are less politically polarized than Western Europeans perceive","slug":"news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive\/","is_active":false},{"id":88120,"title":"4. Most Western Europeans trust public broadcasters, but those who hold populist views less so","slug":"most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so\/","is_active":false},{"id":88102,"title":"5. Many Western Europeans get news via social media, but in some countries, substantial minorities do not pay attention to the source","slug":"many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source\/","is_active":false},{"id":88089,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"media-western-europe-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":88078,"title":"Methodology","slug":"media-western-europe-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":88064,"title":"Appendix A: How news outlets were selected in each country","slug":"media-western-europe-how-news-outlets-were-selected-in-each-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-news-outlets-were-selected-in-each-country\/","is_active":false},{"id":88056,"title":"Appendix B: About the focus groups","slug":"media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups\/","is_active":false},{"id":88048,"title":"Appendix C: How this study measures populism","slug":"media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism\/","is_active":false},{"id":88187,"title":"Appendix D: Detailed tables","slug":"media-western-europe-detailed-tables","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-detailed-tables\/","is_active":false},{"id":88175,"title":"Appendix E: 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Populist views, more than left-right identity, play a role in opinions of the news media in Western Europe","slug":"populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":88143,"title":"2. Southern European countries more fragmented in news sources, but for nearly all countries, top main source is public, not private","slug":"southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":88131,"title":"3. News outlets are less politically polarized than Western Europeans perceive","slug":"news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":88120,"title":"4. Most Western Europeans trust public broadcasters, but those who hold populist views less so","slug":"most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":88102,"title":"5. Many Western Europeans get news via social media, but in some countries, substantial minorities do not pay attention to the source","slug":"many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":88089,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"media-western-europe-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":88078,"title":"Methodology","slug":"media-western-europe-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":88064,"title":"Appendix A: How news outlets were selected in each country","slug":"media-western-europe-how-news-outlets-were-selected-in-each-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-news-outlets-were-selected-in-each-country\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":88056,"title":"Appendix B: About the focus groups","slug":"media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},{"id":88048,"title":"Appendix C: How this study measures populism","slug":"media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism\/","is_active":false,"page_num":11},{"id":88187,"title":"Appendix D: Detailed 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