{"id":88056,"date":"2018-05-14T10:45:23","date_gmt":"2018-05-14T15:48:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups\/"},"modified":"2025-04-07T16:13:15","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T20:13:15","slug":"media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix B: About the focus groups"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted a series of focus groups to better understand where people turn for information and their attitudes toward the news media in their countries. Four focus groups were held in each of the following four countries: the UK, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.[17. numoffset=&#8221;17&#8243; Focus groups were held in four, rather than all eight countries, because of time and resources. Countries were chosen purposefully in order to ensure coverage of multiple types of European media systems identified in previous research (Hallin &amp; Mancini, 2004; Bruggemann et al., 2014).] Each focus group consisted of eight adults coming together for an hour and a half for a discussion led by a professional moderator from Ipsos MORI using a guide developed by Pew Research Center.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In each country, the groups were structured according to the following criteria:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Group 1, \u201clower education\u201d \u2013 all participants had less than a college degree;<\/li>\n<li>Group 2, \u201cyounger, higher education\u201d \u2013 all participants were under 35 years old and had at least a college degree;<\/li>\n<li>Group 3, \u201colder, higher education\u201d \u2013 all participants were ages 35 and older and had at least a college degree;<\/li>\n<li>Group 4, \u201csupporters of right-wing or populist parties\u201d \u2013 all participants had at least a somewhat favorable opinion of the Party for Freedom (PVV) in the Netherlands, the National Front in France, the UK Independence Party (UKIP) in the United Kingdom and the Sweden Democrats in Sweden.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Focus groups were balanced with regard to gender and participants were required to have at least some interest in politics and to consume news at least several times a week. No participants worked in the media industry or identified as working in politics. Groups 1-3 were balanced with regard to left-right ideology, with at least two participants who identified on the ideological left and two on the ideological right in each group.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Focus groups were held in the following locations and on the following dates:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>London: May 15-17, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Paris: May 17-18, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Stockholm: May 29-30, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Amsterdam: May 31-June 1, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ipsos MORI recruited the participants via phone using a screener designed by Pew Research Center. All participants were given financial remuneration for their time.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pew Research Center conducted a series of focus groups to better understand where people turn for information and their attitudes toward the news media in their countries. Four focus groups were held in each of the following four countries: the UK, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.[17. numoffset=&#8221;17&#8243; Focus groups were held in four, rather than [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[987,868,848,983,841,824,954,784],"collection":[],"datasets":[1920],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[516,514],"research-teams":[527],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-88056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-amy-mitchell","bylines-courtney-johnson","bylines-elisa-shearer","bylines-katerina-eva-matsa","bylines-katie-simmons","bylines-kyle-taylor","bylines-laura-silver","bylines-mason-walker","datasets-fall-2017-media-and-politics-in-western-europe-survey","formats-report","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-international","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":88170,"word_count":346,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":88170,"title":"In Western Europe, Public Attitudes Toward News Media More Divided by Populist Views Than Left-Right Ideology","slug":"in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology\/","is_active":false},{"id":88158,"title":"1. Populist views, more than left-right identity, play a role in opinions of the news media in Western Europe","slug":"populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false},{"id":88143,"title":"2. Southern European countries more fragmented in news sources, but for nearly all countries, top main source is public, not private","slug":"southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private\/","is_active":false},{"id":88131,"title":"3. News outlets are less politically polarized than Western Europeans perceive","slug":"news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive\/","is_active":false},{"id":88120,"title":"4. Most Western Europeans trust public broadcasters, but those who hold populist views less so","slug":"most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so\/","is_active":false},{"id":88102,"title":"5. Many Western Europeans get news via social media, but in some countries, substantial minorities do not pay attention to the source","slug":"many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source\/","is_active":false},{"id":88089,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"media-western-europe-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":88078,"title":"Methodology","slug":"media-western-europe-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":88064,"title":"Appendix A: How news outlets were selected in each country","slug":"media-western-europe-how-news-outlets-were-selected-in-each-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-news-outlets-were-selected-in-each-country\/","is_active":false},{"id":88056,"title":"Appendix B: About the focus groups","slug":"media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-about-the-focus-groups\/","is_active":true},{"id":88048,"title":"Appendix C: How this study measures populism","slug":"media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism\/","is_active":false},{"id":88187,"title":"Appendix D: Detailed tables","slug":"media-western-europe-detailed-tables","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-detailed-tables\/","is_active":false},{"id":88175,"title":"Appendix E: 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Ideology","slug":"in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":88158,"title":"1. Populist views, more than left-right identity, play a role in opinions of the news media in Western Europe","slug":"populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":88143,"title":"2. Southern European countries more fragmented in news sources, but for nearly all countries, top main source is public, not private","slug":"southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":88131,"title":"3. News outlets are less politically polarized than Western Europeans perceive","slug":"news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":88120,"title":"4. Most Western Europeans trust public broadcasters, but those who hold populist views less so","slug":"most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":88102,"title":"5. Many Western Europeans get news via social media, but in some countries, substantial minorities do not pay attention to the source","slug":"many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":88089,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"media-western-europe-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":88078,"title":"Methodology","slug":"media-western-europe-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":88064,"title":"Appendix A: How news outlets were selected in each 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