{"id":88048,"date":"2018-05-14T10:45:23","date_gmt":"2018-05-14T15:49:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism\/"},"modified":"2025-04-07T16:50:35","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T20:50:35","slug":"media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix C: How this study measures populism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

To evaluate the impact of populist views on attitudes about the news media, the survey focused on measuring core components of populism. Academic studies of populism consistently identify a few key ideas as underlying the concept: (1) the people\u2019s will is the main source of government legitimacy, (2) \u201cthe people\u201d and \u201cthe elite\u201d are two homogenous and antagonistic groups, and (3) \u201cthe people\u201d are good, while \u201cthe elite\u201d are corrupt (Stanley, 2011; Akkerman, Mudde, & Zaslove, 2014; Schulz et al. 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measure of populism used in this survey is based on respondents\u2019 answers to two questions: 1) ordinary people would do a better job<\/u>\/do no better<\/u> solving the country\u2019s problems than elected officials and 2) most elected officials care<\/u>\/don\u2019t care<\/u> what people like me think. Both measures are meant to capture the core ideas that the government should reflect the will of \u201cthe people\u201d and that \u201celites\u201d are an antagonistic group that is out of touch with the demands of \u201cthe people.\u201d The second measure is a traditional question asked regularly over time on political surveys to measure efficacy and dissatisfaction with government responsiveness. This measure, or ones that are similar, are used by scholars studying populism to capture attitudes about an antagonistic relationship between elites and the people (Stanley, 2011; Spruyt et al. 2016; Schulz et al. 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

These two questions were combined into a single variable with three categories: people who hold \u201cpopulist,\u201d \u201cnon-populist\u201d and \u201cmixed\u201d views. Those who answered that elected officials don\u2019t care about people like them and<\/u> who say ordinary people would do a better job solving the country\u2019s problems than elected officials are considered to hold populist views<\/strong>. People who say the reverse \u2013 that elected officials care and that ordinary people would do no<\/u> better \u2013 are considered to hold non-populist views<\/strong>. Everyone else, including people who refuse to answer one or both questions, is considered to hold mixed views<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In every country surveyed, between 42% and 50% of adults hold mixed views. People with populist views make up a larger share of the public in southern European countries and the UK, while non-populists are more common in Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands.[18. numoffset=”18″ For this study, southern Europe refers to France, Italy and Spain. These three countries have somewhat similar news media environments, relationships between the press and the government, and political histories (Hallin & Mancini, 2004; Bruggemann et al., 2014).]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spearman correlations for the two questions measuring populism combined fall between 0.2 and 0.3 across the eight countries. The attitudinal differences between those who hold populist views and those who do not based on the combined measure also occur when using either one of the two measures on its own. However, the attitudinal differences are larger and more consistent when using the combined measure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The advantage of focusing on these core components of populism, rather than additional concepts, is that these core components cut across populist movements on the left and the right of the ideological spectrum. By having a measure that is not constrained by left-right ideology, the survey provides a consistent, cross-national measure of fundamental tenets of populism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One way to validate a measure of a concept is to evaluate whether it correlates or predicts attitudes on other topics one might expect it to be related to. One key attitude on the survey that any measure of populism should be related to is views about political parties in the country. People who hold populist beliefs are expected to have more positive views than non-populists about non-traditional or anti-establishment parties, sometimes referred to as populist parties. Indeed, the survey shows that populists and non-populists often differ widely in their opinions of anti-establishment parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, Swedes who endorse populist views are 28 percentage points more likely than non-populists to have a favorable view of the Sweden Democrats. In Spain, 29% of populists have a favorable view of Podemos, compared with 17% of non-populists. The measure used in this report for populist views helps predict higher levels of support for both right- and left-wing populist parties.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To evaluate the impact of populist views on attitudes about the news media, the survey focused on measuring core components of populism. Academic studies of populism consistently identify a few key ideas as underlying the concept: (1) the people\u2019s will is the main source of government legitimacy, (2) \u201cthe people\u201d and \u201cthe elite\u201d are two […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[987,868,848,983,841,824,954,784],"collection":[],"datasets":[1920],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[516,514],"research-teams":[527],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-88048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-amy-mitchell","bylines-courtney-johnson","bylines-elisa-shearer","bylines-katerina-eva-matsa","bylines-katie-simmons","bylines-kyle-taylor","bylines-laura-silver","bylines-mason-walker","datasets-fall-2017-media-and-politics-in-western-europe-survey","formats-report","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-international","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":88170,"word_count":661,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-how-this-study-measures-populism\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":110048,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/05\/PJ_18.05.02_MediaPolitics_featured.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":88170,"title":"In Western Europe, Public Attitudes Toward News Media More Divided by Populist Views Than Left-Right Ideology","slug":"in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/in-western-europe-public-attitudes-toward-news-media-more-divided-by-populist-views-than-left-right-ideology\/","is_active":false},{"id":88158,"title":"1. Populist views, more than left-right identity, play a role in opinions of the news media in Western Europe","slug":"populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/populist-views-more-than-left-right-identity-play-a-role-in-opinions-of-the-news-media-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false},{"id":88143,"title":"2. Southern European countries more fragmented in news sources, but for nearly all countries, top main source is public, not private","slug":"southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private\/","is_active":false},{"id":88131,"title":"3. News outlets are less politically polarized than Western Europeans perceive","slug":"news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive\/","is_active":false},{"id":88120,"title":"4. Most Western Europeans trust public broadcasters, but those who hold populist views less so","slug":"most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so\/","is_active":false},{"id":88102,"title":"5. Many Western Europeans get news via social media, but in some countries, substantial minorities do not pay attention to the source","slug":"many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/many-western-europeans-get-news-via-social-media-but-in-some-countries-substantial-minorities-do-not-pay-attention-to-the-source\/","is_active":false},{"id":88089,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"media-western-europe-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":88078,"title":"Methodology","slug":"media-western-europe-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/media-western-europe-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":88064,"title":"Appendix A: How news outlets 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Southern European countries more fragmented in news sources, but for nearly all countries, top main source is public, not private","slug":"southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/southern-european-countries-more-fragmented-in-news-sources-but-for-nearly-all-countries-top-main-source-is-public-not-private\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":88131,"title":"3. News outlets are less politically polarized than Western Europeans perceive","slug":"news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/news-outlets-are-less-politically-polarized-than-western-europeans-perceive\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":88120,"title":"4. Most Western Europeans trust public broadcasters, but those who hold populist views less so","slug":"most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/05\/14\/most-western-europeans-trust-public-broadcasters-but-those-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-so\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":88102,"title":"5. Many Western Europeans get news via social media, but in some countries, substantial minorities do not pay attention to the 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