{"id":88039,"date":"2018-10-30T10:46:22","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T15:46:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2018\/10\/30\/europe-media-age-appendix-b\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:11:46","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:11:46","slug":"europe-media-age-appendix-b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/europe-media-age-appendix-b\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix B: About the focus groups"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[6.numoffset=&#8221;6&#8243; Focus groups were held in four, rather than all eight countries, because of time and resources. Countries were chosen purposefully in order to ensure coverage of multiple types of European media systems identified in previous research (Hallin &amp; Mancini, 2004; Bruggemann et al., 2014).]<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In each country, the groups were structured according to the following criteria:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Group 1, \u201clower education\u201d \u2013 all participants had less than a college degree;<\/li>\n<li>Group 2, \u201cyounger, higher education\u201d \u2013 all participants were under 35 years old and had at least a college degree;<\/li>\n<li>Group 3, \u201colder, higher education\u201d \u2013 all participants were ages 35 and older and had at least a college degree;<\/li>\n<li>Group 4, \u201csupporters of right-wing or populist parties\u201d \u2013 all participants had at least a somewhat favorable opinion of the Party for Freedom (PVV) in the Netherlands, the National Front in France, the UK Independence Party (UKIP) in the United Kingdom and the Sweden Democrats in Sweden.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Focus groups were balanced with regard to gender and participants were required to have at least some interest in politics and to consume news at least several times a week. No participants worked in the media industry or identified as working in politics. Groups 1-3 were balanced with regard to left-right ideology, with at least two participants who identified on the ideological left and two on the ideological right in each group.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Focus groups were held in the following locations and on the following dates:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>London: May 15-17, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Paris: May 17-18, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Stockholm: May 29-30, 2017<\/li>\n<li>Amsterdam: May 31-June 1, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ipsos MORI recruited the participants via phone using a screener designed by Pew Research Center. All participants were given financial remuneration for their time.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In each country, the groups were structured according to the following criteria: Group 1, \u201clower education\u201d \u2013 all participants had less than a college degree; Group 2, \u201cyounger, higher education\u201d \u2013 all participants were under 35 years old and had at least a college degree; Group 3, \u201colder, higher education\u201d \u2013 all participants were ages [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":377,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"prc_watchers":[],"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[527],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-88039","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","formats-report","research-teams-journalism"],"label":false,"post_parent":87966,"word_count":266,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/europe-media-age-appendix-b\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":109587,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":109587,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":109587,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":109587,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":109587,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png?w=640&h=360&crop=1","width":640,"height":360,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":109587,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/10\/PJ_2018.10.30_europe-age_featured.png?w=640&h=360&crop=1","width":640,"height":360,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":87966,"title":"Western Europeans Under 30 View News Media Less Positively, Rely More on Digital Platforms Than Older Adults","slug":"western-europeans-under-30-view-news-media-less-positively-rely-more-on-digital-platforms-than-older-adults","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/western-europeans-under-30-view-news-media-less-positively-rely-more-on-digital-platforms-than-older-adults\/","is_active":false},{"id":87960,"title":"1. Younger Europeans are less likely to get news from legacy platforms","slug":"younger-europeans-are-less-likely-to-get-news-from-legacy-platforms","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/younger-europeans-are-less-likely-to-get-news-from-legacy-platforms\/","is_active":false},{"id":87950,"title":"2. Younger Europeans are far more likely to get news from social media","slug":"younger-europeans-are-far-more-likely-to-get-news-from-social-media","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/younger-europeans-are-far-more-likely-to-get-news-from-social-media\/","is_active":false},{"id":87943,"title":"3. Younger Europeans are less likely to turn to public news media but more likely to rely on social media and newspaper brands","slug":"younger-europeans-are-less-likely-to-turn-to-public-news-media-but-more-likely-to-rely-on-social-media-and-newspaper-brands","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/younger-europeans-are-less-likely-to-turn-to-public-news-media-but-more-likely-to-rely-on-social-media-and-newspaper-brands\/","is_active":false},{"id":87934,"title":"4. Younger Europeans think news media are performing worse but agree with older adults on their importance to society","slug":"younger-europeans-think-news-media-are-performing-worse-but-agree-with-older-adults-on-their-importance-to-society","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/journalism\/2018\/10\/30\/younger-europeans-think-news-media-are-performing-worse-but-agree-with-older-adults-on-their-importance-to-society\/","is_active":false},{"id":87926,"title":"5. 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