{"id":72475,"date":"2015-02-26T10:40:09","date_gmt":"2015-02-26T15:40:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2015\/02\/26\/sidebar-religious-hostilities-and-religious-minorities-in-europe\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:13:13","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:13:13","slug":"sidebar-religious-hostilities-and-religious-minorities-in-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/02\/26\/sidebar-religious-hostilities-and-religious-minorities-in-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"Sidebar: Religious Hostilities and Religious Minorities in Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Religion<\/a><\/figure>\n\n

On an early January morning in 2013, Shehzad Luqman, a 27-year-old Pakistani Muslim living in Greece, was riding his bicycle to work in an Athens suburb when he was violently attacked. Two men suspected of being members of Greece\u2019s neo-Nazi political party, Golden Dawn, were later convicted of stabbing Luqman to death.[1. numoffset=”30″ See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cGreece.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom. Also see Behrakis, Yannis and Renee Maltezou. Jan. 19, 2013. \u201cAnti-racism protesters rally in Athens after stabbing.<\/a>\u201d Reuters. Also see Agence France-Presse. April 15, 2014. \u201cSuspected Greek neo-Nazis get life for murdering Pakistani man.<\/a>\u201d The Express Tribune News Network.]<\/p>\n\n

While this attack was particularly violent, it was not an isolated incident. Although Europe\u2019s median score on the Social Hostilities Index declined slightly, from 2.7 in 2012 to 2.3 in 2013, it remained well above the global median (1.6), and many acts of hostility in the region were directed at religious minorities.<\/p>\n\n

Harassment of Jews and Muslims was particularly widespread. Jews faced harassment in 34 of the region\u2019s 45 countries (76%) \u2014 a higher share than in any other region. In the rest of the world, Jews were harassed by individuals or groups in society in 25% of countries.<\/p>\n\n

In France, three men attacked a teenager who was wearing a kippah in Vitry-Sur-Seine in March, threatening, \u201cWe will kill all of you Jews.\u201d[2. See\u00a0Anti-Defamation League. Nov. 20, 2013. \u201cFrance.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2013.] In Spain, vandals painted a large swastika on the walls of a bull ring in the city of Pinto in August, along with the words \u201cHitler was right.\u201d[3. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cSpain.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.] In the town of Komarno in southern Slovakia, metal tiles embedded in the pavement honoring a local Jewish family killed in the Holocaust were destroyed in October when vandals poured tar over them.[4. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cSlovak Republic.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.] And in Norway, the newspaper Dagbladet published a controversial cartoon in May that appeared to be mocking the practice of circumcision.[5. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cNorway.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom. Also see The Algemeiner. May 29, 2013. \u201cNorwegian Newspaper Dagbladet Sparks Outrage with \u2018Blood Libel\u2019 Cartoon.<\/a>\u201d]<\/p>\n\n

Muslims experienced harassment in nearly as many European countries as Jews \u2013 32 of the 45 countries, or 71%. By comparison, Muslims were harassed in 34% of the countries in the rest of the world.<\/p>\n\n

In Germany, bloody pig heads were found at a site where the Ahmadiyya Muslim community planned to build Leipzig\u2019s first mosque.[6. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cGermany.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.] In Ireland, several mosques and Muslim cultural centers received threatening letters. One of the letters stated, \u201cMuslims have no right to be in Ireland. The Irish people are not happy with your presence in our country, which belongs to the true Irish people.\u201d[7. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cIreland.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom. Also see Carty, Ed. Nov. 25, 2013. \u201cJustice Minster Alan Shatter condemns Muslim hate mail.<\/a>\u201d Irish Independent.]<\/p>\n\n

In about two-thirds of the countries in Europe, organized groups used force or coercion in an attempt to dominate public life with their perspective on religion. In many cases, organized groups that oppose the presence of minority religious groups in their country intimidated or attacked these religious communities. This type of social hostility was much more prevalent in Europe (30 of 45 countries, or 67%) than in the rest of the world (38%). In some cases, attempts to dominate public life with a particular perspective on religion included online intimidation of minority religious groups, including posting anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim rhetoric. In Italy, for example, four men were sent to jail in April after they published lists of Jewish residents and businesses on neo-Nazi websites.[8. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cCzech Republic.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom. Also see U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cItaly.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.]<\/p>\n\n

Other hostilities that were prevalent in Europe and involved religious minorities included the assault or displacement of individuals in retaliation for religious activities, harassment of women over religious dress and attempts by religious groups to prevent other religious groups from operating.<\/p>\n\n

\"Comparing<\/a><\/figure>\n\n

In four-in-ten countries in the region (42%), individuals were assaulted or displaced from their homes or places of worship in retaliation for religious activities considered offensive or threatening to the majority faith. In Poland, for example, arsonists set fire to the door of a mosque in Gdansk in October. Some accounts speculated that the attack was done in retaliation for the ritual slaughter of a lamb by the country\u2019s chief mufti, Tomasz Miskiewicz, in violation of a Polish animal protection law that bans the practice of slaughtering animals without first stunning them.[9. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cPoland.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom. Also see Bilefsky, Dan. Sept. 4, 2013. \u201cPolish Jews Fight Law on Religious Slaughter of Animals.<\/a>\u201d The New York Times. Also see Radio Poland. Oct. 18, 2013. \u201cAnimal rights groups want Mufti punished for illegal halal slaughter.<\/a>\u201d]<\/p>\n\n

Women were harassed over religious dress in about four-in-ten countries in Europe (19 of 45, or 42%) \u2013 a higher percentage than in the rest of the world (22% of countries) and about the same share as in the Middle East-North Africa region (where it occurred in eight of 20 countries, or 40%). This measure of harassment includes cases in which women are harassed for wearing religious dress, as well as cases in which they are harassed for perceived violations of religious dress codes. In France, for example, two men attacked a pregnant Muslim woman in June, kicking her in the stomach and attempting to remove her headscarf and cut her hair; she reportedly suffered a miscarriage in the days following the attack, which occurred in the Parisian suburb of Argenteuil.[10. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cFrance.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.] In Italy, two Moroccan men attacked a young Moroccan woman in February, beating her for \u201coffending Islam\u201d when she refused to wear a headscarf.[11. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cItaly.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.]<\/p>\n\n

Religious groups attempted to prevent other groups from operating in a third of the countries in Europe (15 of 45 countries, or 33%). In Germany, religious leaders and church officials continued to issue warnings against groups labeled as \u201csects\u201d or \u201ccults\u201d \u2013 including the Church of Scientology, the Unification Church, Transcendental Meditation and Universal Life practitioners.[11. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cGermany.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.] In Russia, activists and groups claiming to have ties to the Russian Orthodox Church disseminated publications casting minority religious groups in the country in a negative light.[12. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cRussia.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.]<\/p>\n\n

Some social hostilities involving religion were relatively rare in Europe in 2013, including hostilities involving conversion (2% of countries) or proselytizing (4%). Hostilities involving conversion were reported in only one European country (Romania) during the latest year studied. And social hostilities linked to proselytizing were found in just two countries \u2013 Romania and Russia. In Russia, residents of an apartment complex in Velikiy Novgorod were reported to have asked authorities to remove Mormon residents in order to \u201cprotect their children from the destructive influence of the sect.\u201d[13. See U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. \u201cRussia.<\/a>\u201d 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom.]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On an early January morning in 2013, Shehzad Luqman, a 27-year-old Pakistani Muslim living in Greece, was riding his bicycle to work in an Athens suburb when he was violently attacked. Two men suspected of being members of Greece\u2019s neo-Nazi political party, Golden Dawn, were later convicted of stabbing Luqman to death.[1. numoffset=”30″ See U.S. 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