{"id":71215,"date":"2019-12-12T13:53:24","date_gmt":"2019-12-12T18:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T16:36:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T20:36:45","slug":"household-patterns-by-religion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/","title":{"rendered":"2. Household patterns by religion"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center analyzed data on six religious groups \u2013 Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews and people with no religious affiliation.[37. numoffset=&#8221;37&#8243; Although some faiths other than those analyzed in this report (such as Sikhs) have millions of adherents around the world, censuses and surveys in many countries do not measure them specifically. Because of this scarcity of census and survey data, this report does not attempt to analyze groups other than Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews and people with no religious affiliation; the report is also unable to show data for subgroups within these major religions, such as Protestants and Catholics or Sunnis and Shiites, although members of many other, smaller religious groups are <a name=\"_Hlk23494770\"><\/a>included in general population results at the country, regional and global levels.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, the average Muslim lives in the biggest household (6.4 people), followed by the average Hindu (5.7), Christian (4.5), Buddhist (3.9), \u201cnone\u201d (3.7) and Jew (3.7). Religious groups also vary in the types of households they are most likely to occupy: Hindus, Buddhists and the religiously unaffiliated most often reside in extended families, while Muslims, Christians and Jews have larger shares in two-parent homes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But religious groups are not monolithic, and followers of the same religion living in different parts of the world often vary substantially from each other. The experiences of religious groups are sometimes closely tied to the patterns found in the regions where they reside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-024-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefec;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-024.png?resize=480,317 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-024.png?resize=782,517 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-024.png?resize=960,634 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-024.png?resize=1200,793 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-024.png?resize=1268,838 1268w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"423\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-024.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Hindus and Buddhists are concentrated in Asia, while Christians are most evenly scattered globally\" class=\"wp-image-82639 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religious groups also are distributed unevenly around the world. Christians are the most evenly scattered, with no more than a quarter living in any one region. The majority of Muslims, meanwhile, live in the Asia-Pacific region, but there are also large Muslim populations in the Middle East-North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa regions. Most of the world\u2019s religiously unaffiliated people and even larger shares of all Buddhists and Hindus live in Asia, while Jews are concentrated in Israel and the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report does not attempt to determine exactly how religion shapes household patterns. It is difficult to quantify the extent to which religion, on its own, affects people\u2019s living arrangements \u2013 or conversely, how a person\u2019s home life influences their religious affiliation. Still, comparing a single religious group in a country or region to the rest of the population may help illuminate possible connections between living arrangements and religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This chapter examines each religious group separately and explores not only how the experiences of each group\u2019s adherents vary from region to region, but also how their experiences compare with those of people who are <em>not<\/em> of that religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Information is provided on religious groups within regions when there are sufficient survey data to represent at least one-third of that group\u2019s regional population <em>and <\/em>when that group has at least 500,000 adherents in that region. For example, enough Buddhists were surveyed in the Latin America-Caribbean region to represent 61% of the regional population \u2013 surpassing the one-third cutoff. However, only about 430,000 of the world\u2019s 499 million Buddhists (about one-tenth of 1%) live in the region, so figures for Latin American Buddhists were not presented. See the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/appendix-a-methodology-11\">Methodology<\/a> for more details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis of religious groups is presented in descending order of the groups\u2019 size, starting with Christians, who make up the world\u2019s largest religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;christians&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"christians\"><a name=\"_Toc26537736\"><\/a>Christians<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christians account for <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/christians\/\">nearly a third of the global population<\/a>, making them the largest of the major religious groups. They also are the most broadly distributed, with roughly equal percentages living in Europe (24%), Latin America and the Caribbean (25%) and sub-Saharan Africa (26%). The Asia-Pacific region and North America together account for most of the remaining quarter; the share of Christians who reside in the Middle East-North Africa region is less than 1%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In terms of their shares of the regional populations, Christians represent majorities in Latin America and the Caribbean (90%), North America (76%), Europe (73%) and sub-Saharan Africa (62%), and small minorities in the Asia-Pacific region (7%) and the Middle East and North Africa (4%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"christians-household-size\">Christians: Household size<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-023-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8e9e8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8e9e8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-023.png?resize=404,814 404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"403\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-023.png?w=404\" alt=\"Globally, Christians live in slightly smaller households than others\" class=\"wp-image-82642 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, Christians are the largest group in 12 of the 15 countries with the smallest households. Christians around the world live in somewhat smaller households, on average, than non-Christians (4.5 vs. 5.1 members). Christians have their smallest households in North America (3.4) and Europe (3.1), and \u2013 by a wide margin \u2013 their largest households in sub-Saharan Africa (6.0). Christians live with the largest number of people in Gambia, where their households contain 10.3 people, on average. And Christians\u2019 smallest households are in Denmark and Sweden, both with an average of 2.6 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tendency of Christians to live in smaller households than others is particularly pronounced in areas where they live alongside Muslims: In sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region, Christians have households with roughly two fewer people than non-Christians, on average. In other parts of the world, the gaps between Christians and others are much smaller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-022-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6eaec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6eaec;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-022.png?resize=480,387 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-022.png?resize=782,630 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-022.png?resize=960,773 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-022.png?resize=1200,967 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-022.png?resize=1276,1028 1276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"516\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-022.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Average Christian in sub-Saharan Africa lives with three more people than a Christian in Europe\" class=\"wp-image-82645 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"christians-household-types\">Christians: Household types<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christians around the world are most likely to live in two-parent families with minor children, and they do so at about the same rate as everyone else (34% vs. 32%). But Christians are markedly less likely than others to live in extended families (29% vs. 42%). In fact, Christians are the least likely group \u2013 aside from Jews (17%) \u2013 to live with a wider circle of relatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-021-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae0df\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae0df;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-021.png?resize=480,178 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-021.png?resize=782,289 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-021.png?resize=960,355 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-021.png?resize=1200,444 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-021.png?resize=1270,470 1270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"237\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-021.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Christians live with extended family less often than others\" class=\"wp-image-82648 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, Christians are more likely than non-Christians to live in household types that have few members: Larger shares of Christians live alone (7% vs. 3%) or as couples without other family members (11% vs. 7%). In some countries, such as Sweden (35%) and Germany (32%), living in a couple-only household is the most common arrangement for Christians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, Christians also are more likely than non-Christians to live in single-parent households (6% vs. 3%), a type of arrangement that is generally more common in North America, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America \u2013 all Christian-majority regions. Within these regions, Christians live in single-parent families at close to the same rates as non-Christians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Asia-Pacific, Latin America-Caribbean, Middle East-North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa regions, Christians overwhelmingly live in extended or two-parent families, with combined shares of more than 70%. Far fewer European Christians (49%) and North American Christians (43%) reside in those types of households, and they are more likely than Christians elsewhere to live alone (13% and 11%, respectively) or as a couple (21% in both regions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-020-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-020.png?resize=480,428 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-020.png?resize=782,697 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-020.png?resize=960,856 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-020.png?resize=1200,1070 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-020.png?resize=1274,1136 1274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"571\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-020.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Globally, Christians are more likely than others to live in solo, single-parent or couple-only households\" class=\"wp-image-82650 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;muslims&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"muslims\"><a name=\"_Toc26537737\"><\/a>Muslims<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About a quarter of all people are Muslims, making them the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/muslims\/\">world\u2019s second-largest religious group<\/a> (and the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2017\/04\/06\/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group\/\">fastest-growing<\/a> major group). Over six-in-ten Muslims \u2013 about a billion \u2013 live in the Asia-Pacific region, and most other Muslims live in the Middle East-North Africa (20%) or sub-Saharan Africa (16%) regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muslims represent more than nine-in-ten people in the Middle East and North Africa, about three-in-ten sub-Saharan Africans and a quarter of the population in the Asia-Pacific region. Elsewhere, Muslims are small minorities, accounting for 6% of the population in Europe, 1% in North America and a statistically negligible fraction in Latin America.[38. Too few Muslims in North America and the Latin America-Caribbean region were surveyed for analysis in this report.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"muslims-household-size\">Muslims: Household size<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-019-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eaeaea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eaeaea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-019.png?resize=404,692 404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"343\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-019.png?w=404\" alt=\"Muslims in every region have larger households\" class=\"wp-image-82655 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, in the 15 countries with the biggest households, Islam is the largest religion in all but one \u2013 Benin. Muslims around the world live in households with an average of approximately two more people than non-Muslims (6.4 vs. 4.5), and they reside in larger families than non-Muslims in every region analyzed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One reason Muslims live in larger households is that they tend to have <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2017\/04\/06\/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group\/\">more children<\/a> compared with other religious groups. Muslims around the world also are relatively young; in a handful of Muslim-majority countries, half or more of the population is under 18, and children are unlikely to live alone or in a couple-only arrangement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In sub-Saharan Africa, Muslims have their biggest households (8.5 people, on average) and also the widest gap in size compared with non-Muslims (6.1). The biggest households identified in this study belong to Muslims in Gambia (13.9), Senegal (13.6) and Mali (12.8) \u2013 all countries that have high rates of polygamy (see <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-region\">Chapter 1<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like other religious groups, Muslims have their smallest households in Europe. Still, in European countries with enough representation to compare Muslims with others, the average Muslim lives with more people than the average non-Muslim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The opposite is true in the country with the world\u2019s largest Muslim population: In Indonesia, Muslims live in households with an average of 4.6 members, while non-Muslims (who are mostly Christian) live in households of 5.1 people, on average.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-018-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e9ebeb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e9ebeb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-018.png?resize=480,376 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-018.png?resize=782,613 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-018.png?resize=960,752 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-018.png?resize=1200,940 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-018.png?resize=1276,1000 1276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"502\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-018.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Muslims in Gambia live with an average of 10 more people than Muslims in Russia\" class=\"wp-image-82658 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"muslims-household-types\">Muslims: Household types<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muslims are less likely than others to live in households that contain no children or extended family. Only about 5% of Muslims live either alone or as a couple without children, compared with about 15% of non-Muslims. And Muslims are much more likely than others to live in two-parent homes with minor children (43% vs. 30%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-017-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2e3dd\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2e3dd;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-017.png?resize=480,164 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-017.png?resize=782,267 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-017.png?resize=960,328 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-017.png?resize=1200,410 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-017.png?resize=1276,436 1276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"219\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-017.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Muslims live in two-parent families more than other groups\" class=\"wp-image-82663 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within regions, Muslims often differ from non-Muslims. In Asia and the Pacific, for example, four-in-ten Muslims live in two-parent homes, compared with three-in-ten non-Muslims. In Europe, Muslims are notably more likely than others to live in two-parent or extended-family households, and they are much less likely than non-Muslims to live in couple-only households (7% vs. 20%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In sub-Saharan Africa, Muslims live in extended-family households less frequently than others (27% vs. 39%). Conversely, Muslims are much more likely than others in this region to reside in polygamous homes (25% vs. 3%). (For more about polygamy in sub-Saharan Africa, see <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-region#polygamy-africa\">here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muslims are unique in their relatively large share of adherents living in polygamous households. Worldwide, in the countries studied, about 5% of Muslims live in this type of arrangement, which means that more Muslims live in polygamous households than live in solo, single-parent or couple-only households. This estimate may even be conservative because suitable data was not available from some Muslim-majority Persian Gulf countries where polygamy is legal and assumed to be common.[39. Further, estimates of the share of people in polygamous <i>households<\/i> may be lower than the true share of people who belong to polygamous <i>families<\/i>; some polygamous families maintain multiple households.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-016-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-016.png?resize=480,329 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-016.png?resize=782,536 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-016.png?resize=960,658 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-016.png?resize=1200,823 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-016.png?resize=1272,872 1272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"439\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-016.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Muslims rarely live alone or as a couple with no other relatives\" class=\"wp-image-82667 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religiously-unaffiliated&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religiously-unaffiliated\"><a name=\"_Toc26537738\"><\/a>Religiously unaffiliated<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like Christians, Muslims and other groups, the religiously unaffiliated have an array of identities and beliefs. Atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any religious group are all classified as unaffiliated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the term \u201cnones\u201d has become <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/10\/09\/nones-on-the-rise-religion\/\">widely accepted<\/a> as shorthand for the religiously unaffiliated, this category also includes people who consider themselves religious and hold a mix of religious beliefs. Some people may choose \u201cno religion\u201d in response to a religious identity question on a survey because no other response option captures their identity. \u201cNones\u201d may believe in deities, astrology or traditional religions \u2013 or they may believe in no supernatural beings whatsoever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together, these people represent <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/religiously-unaffiliated\/\">16% of the global population<\/a> and make up the third-largest group. A majority of all religious \u201cnones\u201d live in Asia, with six-in-ten found in China alone. About 12% of the unaffiliated reside in Europe, and 6% are in North America. Fewer than 5% live in each of the remaining regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In terms of their share of regional populations, just over one-fifth of people in the Asia-Pacific region are religious \u201cnones,\u201d as are similar shares of Europeans and North Americans. About 8% of the total population in Latin America and the Caribbean, 3% of sub-Saharan Africans and less than 1% of all people in the Middle East-North Africa region have no religious affiliation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Economic development and its influence on households is particularly relevant for the living arrangements of the religiously unaffiliated. <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2018\/06\/13\/why-do-levels-of-religious-observance-vary-by-age-and-country\/\">Many \u201cnones\u201d live in richer countries<\/a> with relatively high education levels and greater workforce participation, particularly among women. People in such countries typically have easy access to birth control, and, as they spend more years in school and working outside the home, they tend to have children later in life and therefore have less time for childbearing. They also have high life expectancies, which may increase their chances of living without young children in their care. Individuals, couples and small families can afford to live alone, rather than with other relatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"unaffiliated-household-size\">Unaffiliated: Household size<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-015-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebebeb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebebeb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-015.png?resize=400,752 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"376\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-015.png?w=400\" alt=\"Nones\u2019 live with fewer people than others\" class=\"wp-image-82671 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since three-quarters of \u201cnones\u201d live in the Asia-Pacific region, norms in this region set the tone for this group worldwide, and China is particularly numerically influential. Indeed, relatively small households in China are one reason that religiously unaffiliated people globally live in substantially smaller households than affiliated people (3.7 vs. 5.2 people, on average). Similar gaps exist in the Asia-Pacific region and sub-Saharan Africa, but not in North America, Europe and the Latin America-Caribbean region; affiliated and unaffiliated people do not differ much in their household sizes in those regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cNones\u201d follow typical regional patterns in relative household size, with the largest families in sub-Saharan Africa (5.7) and the smallest in Europe (3.0). At the country level, the unaffiliated have their smallest households in Germany (2.5 people, on average) and their biggest households in Chad (9.2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chad is one of only four countries in which the unaffiliated live in bigger households than their affiliated counterparts, and the gap is at least 0.5 people (Chadians with a religious affiliation live in households of 7.8 people, on average).[40. The other countries are Panama, where the average unaffiliated person lives in a household of 6.3 people, compared with 4.7 among the affiliated, Suriname (5.6 vs. 5.1), and Kenya (6.0 vs. 5.5).]&nbsp;In other countries, the unaffiliated live in households that are smaller than, or similar in size to, religiously affiliated households.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-014-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6ebed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6ebed;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-014.png?resize=480,390 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-014.png?resize=782,636 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-014.png?resize=960,781 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-014.png?resize=1200,976 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-014.png?resize=1264,1028 1264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"521\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-014.png?w=1024\" alt=\"The average \u2018none\u2019 in Chad lives with about seven more people than the average \u2018none\u2019 in Germany\" class=\"wp-image-82673 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Differences in both household sizes and types are underpinned by the relatively high median age of the unaffiliated population (<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/04\/05\/the-changing-global-religious-landscape\/#the-demographic-challenges-of-the-religiously-unaffiliated\">36 years, compared with 29 years for affiliated people<\/a>) and their lower-than-average fertility rates. Globally, the average unaffiliated woman is expected to have about <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/04\/05\/the-changing-global-religious-landscape\/#the-demographic-challenges-of-the-religiously-unaffiliated\">1.6 children in her lifetime, compared with 2.5 for affiliated women<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"unaffiliated-household-types\">Unaffiliated: Household types<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Living alone is more common among the religiously unaffiliated than among others (7% vs. 4%), as is living in a couple-only arrangement (14% vs. 7%) or in adult child households (12% vs. 9%). Conversely, fewer of the unaffiliated live in two-parent households with minor children (26% vs. 34%) or in single-parent homes (2% vs. 4%). Just over a third of \u201cnones\u201d live in extended-family homes, similar to the share of the affiliated who do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-013-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e1e0e2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e1e0e2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-013.png?resize=480,169 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-013.png?resize=782,275 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-013.png?resize=960,338 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-013.png?resize=1200,422 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-013.png?resize=1268,446 1268w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"225\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-013.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Nones\u2019 are more likely than others to live alone or in a couple\" class=\"wp-image-82638 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The small share of single-parent families among the unaffiliated worldwide is tied to the concentration of the unaffiliated in the Asia-Pacific region, where living in this type of household is uncommon across religious groups. This is especially true in China and South Korea, where many unaffiliated people live and single-parent families are particularly rare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In sub-Saharan Africa, \u201cnones\u201d stand out for living alone at the highest rate of any group in the region (7%) \u2013 more than three times the share of affiliated people (2%). \u201cNones\u201d in the Asia-Pacific region also are more likely than others to live alone (6% vs. 3%), as well as in a couple-only households (13% vs. 6%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Differences between \u201cnones\u201d and others are not as pronounced in Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-012-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f2f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-012.png?resize=480,412 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-012.png?resize=782,672 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-012.png?resize=960,825 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-012.png?resize=1200,1031 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-012.png?resize=1276,1096 1276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"550\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-012.png?w=1024\" alt=\"In Europe and North America, household types among \u2018nones\u2019 are similar to others\" class=\"wp-image-82682 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;hindus&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hindus\"><a name=\"_Toc26537739\"><\/a>Hindus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More than a billion people \u2013 almost one-sixth of the world\u2019s population \u2013 are Hindu. Hindus are heavily concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region, and more than nine-in-ten of the world\u2019s Hindus live in just one country: India. As a result, the global characteristics of Hindu households are heavily influenced by patterns in that country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though most Hindus live in the Asia-Pacific region, they make up only about a quarter of all people in the world\u2019s most populous region. Hindus represent less than 1% of the population in all other regions.[41. Even though Hindus represent very small minorities in sub-Saharan Africa and the Latin America-Caribbean region, they are concentrated in a handful of countries for which large surveys are often available, including South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana. As a result, general statements can be made about Hindus in these two regions. At the country level, there were only enough Hindu households surveyed to confidently represent them in India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, the Philippines, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Botswana, South Africa and Zambia. Due to population weighting, Hindus outside of Asia have very little influence on global patterns.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hindus-household-size\">Hindus: Household size<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-011-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8e8e8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8e8e8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-011.png?resize=406,754 406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"371\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-011.png?w=406\" alt=\"Hindus have larger households than others in Asia-Pacific region \u2013 but not in India\" class=\"wp-image-82685 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, the average Hindu lives in a fairly large household (5.7 people), with nearly one person more than the average non-Hindu (4.8). In India, however, the reverse is true: Hindus live in slightly <em>smaller<\/em> households than non-Hindus (5.7 vs. 6.2) \u2013 even though Hindus\u2019 biggest households are in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindus in the Latin America-Caribbean region \u2013 mostly found in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname \u2013 live in slightly smaller households than other Latin Americans (4.4 vs. 4.6). Meanwhile, the small population of Hindus in sub-Saharan Africa \u2013 many of whom live in South Africa \u2013 have much smaller households than others in the region (3.9 vs. 6.9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-010-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-010.png?resize=480,368 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-010.png?resize=782,600 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-010.png?resize=960,736 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-010.png?resize=1200,920 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-010.png?resize=1270,974 1270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"491\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-010.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Hindus have larger households in India than in other countries\" class=\"wp-image-82689 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hindus-household-types\">Hindus: Household types<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, Hindus are the only religious group with a majority of people living in extended-family homes, with 55% residing in this type of arrangement. Relatedly, Hindus are less likely than non-Hindus to live in a couple-only arrangement (3% vs. 9%). Hindus, along with Muslims, have the smallest share of <span class=\"BodyTextChar\">adherents who live alone (1% in each group).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-09-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e4db\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e4db;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-09.png?resize=480,169 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-09.png?resize=782,275 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-09.png?resize=960,338 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-09.png?resize=1200,423 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-09.png?resize=1266,446 1266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"225\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-09.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Hindus are the only group with a majority living in extended families\" class=\"wp-image-82692 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Asia-Pacific region, Hindus are far more likely than non-Hindus to live in extended families (55% vs. 42%). But this pattern is less pronounced in India, where religious minorities live in arrangements similar to Hindus. Indian Hindus are only a little more likely to live with extended family (55%, compared with 51% for non-Hindus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-08-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-08.png?resize=480,331 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-08.png?resize=782,539 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-08.png?resize=960,662 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-08.png?resize=1200,827 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-08.png?resize=1274,878 1274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"441\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-08.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Outside Asia, Hindus stand out for high shares in adult child families\" class=\"wp-image-82695 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;buddhists&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"buddhists\"><a name=\"_Toc26537740\"><\/a>Buddhists<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With about 500 million adherents worldwide, Buddhists represent roughly 7% of the global population. Nearly 99% of Buddhists live in Asia and the Pacific. Buddhists make up just over 10% of all people in the Asia-Pacific region, 1% of North Americans and less than one-half of 1% of people in any other region.[42. Sufficient data to represent Buddhists outside of Asia was only available for the Latin America-Caribbean region. However, because fewer than 500,000 Buddhists live in that part of the world, <i>region level<\/i> results for Latin America are not presented separately. At the <i>country level<\/i>, results for Buddhists are included in this chapter and in Appendix C for any country where an adequate number of Buddhists were surveyed (18 total).]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"buddhists-household-size\">Buddhists: Household size<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-07-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e9eae9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e9eae9;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-07.png?resize=410,576 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"281\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-07.png?w=410\" alt=\"Buddhists live with fewer people than others\" class=\"wp-image-82698 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Around the world, Buddhists live with at least one fewer person, on average, than non-Buddhists do. This reflects the gap in Asia, where the average Buddhist lives in a household of 3.9 people, compared with 5.1 for non-Buddhists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About half of the world\u2019s Buddhists live in China, where they make up almost one-fifth of the population. In China, Buddhists live in households of 3.8 people, on average, as do non-Buddhists. The second-biggest population of Buddhists by country is in Thailand, where they make up over 90% of the population. In Thailand, Buddhists have an average household size of 4.1, whereas others live in larger households, with an average size of 4.7. (Most non-Buddhists in China are unaffiliated, while most non-Buddhists in Thailand are Muslim.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhists have their smallest families in Japan (3.0), where their average household sizes are about the same as those of non-Buddhists. In Canada, though, Buddhists live in bigger households than others (3.9 vs. 3.2), which is partly because Canadian Buddhists are more likely than other Canadians to live with extended family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-06-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eef0f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eef0f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-06.png?resize=480,364 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-06.png?resize=782,593 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-06.png?resize=960,728 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-06.png?resize=1200,910 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-06.png?resize=1284,974 1284w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"485\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-06.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Buddhists have their smallest households in Japan\" class=\"wp-image-82702 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"buddhists-household-types\">Buddhists: Household types<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it comes to household type, the biggest difference between Buddhists and non-Buddhists is in the relatively small percentage of Buddhists who live in two-parent households with minor children. One-fifth of Buddhists globally live in this arrangement, compared with one-third of non-Buddhists. In fact, of all major religious groups, Buddhists have the smallest share of adherents in this household type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a group, Buddhists are older than non-Buddhists, with a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/04\/05\/the-changing-global-religious-landscape\/#age-and-fertility-are-major-factors-behind-growth-of-religious-groups\">median age of 36<\/a>, compared with 29 for non-Buddhists. And the average Buddhist woman is expected to have <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/04\/05\/the-changing-global-religious-landscape\/#age-and-fertility-are-major-factors-behind-growth-of-religious-groups\">1.6 children in her lifetime<\/a>, well below the global figure for non-Buddhists (2.4). These demographic factors, which are themselves influenced by the legacy of the one-child policy in China, help to explain why Buddhists tend to have smaller households and are less likely to live in household types that by definition include minor children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhists also are unlikely to live in single-parent families (2%), which reflects the rarity of this type of household for all religious groups in the Asia-Pacific countries where most Buddhists are found, and the fact that there are relatively few Buddhists in countries or regions where single parenthood is common. At the country level, about the same share of Buddhists and non-Buddhists live in single-parent households in China, Thailand, Japan and Canada. Within the Asia-Pacific region, Nepal has the biggest share of Buddhists living in single-parent families (9%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-05-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e9e4dc\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e9e4dc;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-05.png?resize=480,167 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-05.png?resize=782,271 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-05.png?resize=960,333 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-05.png?resize=1200,416 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-05.png?resize=1280,444 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"222\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-05.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Fewer than a quarter of Buddhists live in two-parent households\" class=\"wp-image-82707 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, Buddhists are slightly more likely than others to live in extended-family households (44% vs. 38%), in couple-only households (13% vs. 8%), in adult child homes (13% vs. 9%) and alone (7% vs. 4%). Within the Asia-Pacific region, however, Buddhists and non-Buddhists live with extended family at about the same rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-04-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-04.png?resize=480,245 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-04.png?resize=782,399 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-04.png?resize=960,490 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-04.png?resize=1200,612 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-04.png?resize=1274,650 1274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"327\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-04.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Buddhists are more likely than others to live alone or in couples\" class=\"wp-image-82711 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;jews&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"jews\"><a name=\"_Toc26537741\"><\/a>Jews<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally and in every region, Jews are a minority religious group; they make up less than one-quarter of 1% of the global population. About 40% of Jews live in Israel, where they represent a large majority of the population, and a similar number live in the United States, where they form roughly 2% of the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"jews-household-size\">Jews: Household size<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e7e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e7e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-03.png?resize=406,690 406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"340\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-03.png?w=406\" alt=\"Israeli Jews have much smaller households than others in the Middle East\" class=\"wp-image-82713 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jews in the Middle East-North Africa region live in bigger households than those in North America.[43. Sufficient data to represent Jews was also available in the Latin America-Caribbean region. However, because fewer than 500,000 Jews live in that part of the world, region level results for Latin America are not presented separately. At the country level, results for Jews are included in Appendix C for all six countries where an adequate number of Jews were surveyed. These include Brazil, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Romania and the U.S.]In Israel, Jews live in households of 4.3 people, on average (compared with 5.2 for non-Jewish Israelis); in the U.S., those figures are 3.0 and 3.4, respectively.[44. <a name=\"_Hlk21685413\"><\/a>This analysis only includes people who identify religiously as Jewish. A previous <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2013\/10\/01\/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey\/\">Pew Research Center study<\/a> found that about one-in-five U.S. Jews (more broadly defined) describe their religious identity as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d but nonetheless say they consider themselves Jewish in other ways, such as culturally, ethnically or by family background. They would not be included as Jews in this analysis, but rather as religious \u201cnones.\u201d]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of all religious groups analyzed for this report, Jews are the oldest, with a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/04\/05\/the-changing-global-religious-landscape\/#age-and-fertility-are-major-factors-behind-growth-of-religious-groups\">median age of 37<\/a>, compared with 30 among non-Jews. The comparatively high percentage of Jews who live alone or with only a spouse or partner can be partially attributed to their older age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"jews-household-types\">Jews: Household types<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, Jews have the biggest share of adherents in couple-only households and are more than twice as likely as non-Jews to live in this arrangement (21% vs. 8%). Jews are more likely to live as couples in the U.S. than in Israel (30% vs. 13%), and in both places, they are more likely than non-Jews to live with only a spouse or partner. Jews also are unique in that the couple-only household type is their second-most common (behind the two-parent family with minor children); in all other groups, two-parent and extended-family are the most common household types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d9e3e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d9e3e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-02.png?resize=480,176 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-02.png?resize=782,286 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-02.png?resize=960,351 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-02.png?resize=1200,439 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-02.png?resize=1274,466 1274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"234\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-02.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Jews stand out for living in extended families much less often than others\" class=\"wp-image-82716 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jews have a much smaller share than others living in extended families (17% vs. 38%). Again, there are big differences in the experiences of U.S. Jews and Israeli Jews: While 29% of Israeli Jews live with extended family, only 6% of U.S. Jews do. Conversely, U.S. Jews live alone at about twice the rate of Israeli Jews (13% vs. 6%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/household-patterns-by-religion\/pf_12-12-19_religion-households-02-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeeeee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeeeee;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-01.png?resize=480,326 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-01.png?resize=782,532 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-01.png?resize=960,653 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-01.png?resize=1200,816 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-01.png?resize=1282,872 1282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"435\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/12\/PF_12.12.19_religion.households-02-01.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Israeli Jews much more likely than U.S. Jews to live with extended family\" class=\"wp-image-82678 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"religion-and-family-life\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"studies-often-show-links-between-religion-and-family-life\">Studies often show links between religion and family life<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers who explore the connections between religion and household patterns often focus on major life events: marriage, divorce and childbearing. Their findings suggest that several measures of religion \u2013 a person\u2019s affiliation, how important religion is to them and how often they participate in their congregation \u2013 have some influence on living arrangements. While many of the studies have been conducted in the U.S., using largely Christian samples, there is a growing body of research focused on other parts of the world.[45. Mahony, Annette. 2010. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22102761\">Religion in Families 1999 to 2009: A Relational Spirituality Framework<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Marriage and Family.] Some of these findings are presented here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Marriage and divorce<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marriage, divorce and childbearing patterns are tied to religious identity and participation. In the U.S., evangelical Protestants are more likely than members of some other religious groups, including Catholics and mainline Protestants, to marry as young adults. Young evangelical Protestants also are less likely than others to live with a romantic partner outside of marriage.[46. Eggebeen, David, and Jeffrey Dew. 2009. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4249758\/\">The Role of Religion in Adolescence for Family Formation in Young Adulthood<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Marriage and Family. Also see Keister, Lisa A., 2011. \u201cFaith and Money: How Religious Belief Contributes to Wealth and Poverty.\u201d Also see Uecker, Jeremy E., and Charles E. Stokes. 2008. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2008.00530.x\">Early Marriage in the United States<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Marriage and Family.] In the UK, the religiously affiliated, especially those who regularly attend religious services, also are less likely than \u201cnones\u201d to cohabit.[47. Village, Andrew, Emyr Williams, and Leslie Francis. 2010. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01494929.2010.528710\">Living in Sin? Religion and Cohabitation in Britain 1985-2005<\/a>.\u201d Marriage &amp; Family Review.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muslims are especially likely to marry: Studies have found that Muslims in many countries around the world are more likely than Christians to be married, and that in nations with larger shares of Muslims, women tie the knot at a younger age.[48. Fieder, Martin, Susanne Huber, Elmar Pichl, Bernard Wallner, and Horst Seidler. 2018. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-biosocial-science\/article\/marriage-gap-in-christians-and-muslims\/ABAA57B01DDA5DB16A620624EF9B2291\">Marriage gap in Christians and Muslims<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Biosocial Science. Also see Carmichael, Sarah. 2011. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1016\/j.hisfam.2011.08.002\">Marriage and power: Age at first marriage and spousal age gap in lesser developed countries<\/a>.\u201d History of the Family. The authors adjust for regional differences in these outcomes with the use of clustered standard errors and controls for standard family types and other relevant nation-level attributes.] Premarital sex is rarer among Muslims, and both Muslims and Buddhists are relatively unlikely to engage in extramarital sex. [49. Adamczyk, Amy, and Brittany E. Hayes. 2012. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0003122412458672\">Religion and Sexual Behaviors: Understanding the Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage<\/a>.\u201d American Sociological Review.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The connection between divorce and religion also has interested researchers. Married \u201cnones\u201d are more likely than their religiously affiliated peers to go through a divorce at some point in their lives, according to a meta-analysis of 10 peer-reviewed research projects.[50. Mahoney, Annette, Kenneth I. Pargament, Nalini Tarakeshwar, and Aaron B. Swank. 2001. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2001-05578-002\">Religion in the Home in the 1980s and 1990s: A Meta-Analytic Review and Conceptual Analysis of Links Between Religion, Marriage, and Parenting<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Family Psychology.] Nevertheless, U.S. states with bigger shares of religious conservatives experience relatively high divorce rates, even though evangelical Protestants tend to emphasize the sanctity of marriage. <a name=\"_Hlk21607110\"><\/a>This seeming contradiction may be explained by the tendency among conservative Protestants to marry at a younger age.[51. Glass, Jennifer, and Philip Levchak. 2014. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/674703?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\">Red States, Blue States, and Divorce: Understanding the Impact of conservative Protestantism on Regional Divorce Rates<\/a>.\u201d American Journal of Sociology.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Childbearing<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the baby boom years after World War II, U.S. Catholics tended to have more children than non-Catholics. But by 1979, Princeton demographers noted that this gap had nearly disappeared and declared \u201cThe end of Catholic fertility.\u201d[52. Westoff, Charles F., and Elise F. Jones. 1979. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2061139?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\">The End of \u2018Catholic\u2019 Fertility<\/a>.\u201d Demography. Also see Westoff, Charles F., and Raymond H. Potvin. 1967. \u201cCollege Women and Fertility Values.\u201d]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Around the globe, Muslims have higher fertility rates than Christians on average.[53. See Chapter 1 of Pew Research Center\u2019s 2015 report \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/main-factors-driving-population-growth\/\">The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050<\/a>.\u201d] Muslim women\u2019s low educational attainment is a likely factor; demographers find that higher educational attainment among women is tied to lower fertility rates. [54. See Pew Research Center\u2019s 2016 report \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2016\/12\/13\/religion-and-education-around-the-world\/\">Religion and Education Around the World<\/a>.\u201d Some research finds that variation in the educational attainment of Muslim women is largely explained by the wealth of countries in which Muslim women live. See McClendon, David, Conrad Hackett, Michaela Potancokova, Marcin Stonawski, and Vegard Skirbekk. 2018. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.popcouncil.org\/research\/womens-education-in-the-muslim-world\">Women\u2019s Education in the Muslim World<\/a>.\u201d Population and Development Review.] Even though fertility rates generally are declining in Muslim-majority nations, the above-average number of children born to Muslim women contributes to Muslims\u2019 larger household sizes, as described elsewhere in this report. [55. Eberstadt, Nicholas, and Apoorva Shah. 2012. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2022408\">Fertility Decline in the Muslim World<\/a>.\u201d Policy Review.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buddhism appears to have a unique association with procreation compared with the other major world religions: An analysis of fertility data in six Asian nations found that Buddhist affiliation was either unrelated to the number of children born or associated with having <i>fewer<\/i> children. This may be because Buddhism, unlike Abrahamic religions, does not have a specifically pro-natalist doctrine.[56. Skirbekk, Vegard, Marcin Stonawski, Setsuya Fukuda, Thomas Spoorenberg, Conrad Hackett, and Raya Muttarak. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.demographic-research.org\/volumes\/vol32\/1\/\">Is Buddhism the low fertility religion of Asia?<\/a>\u201d&nbsp;Demographic Research.] (For more on religious teachings about family life, see this <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/12\/12\/religion-and-living-arrangements-around-the-world#religious-teachings\">sidebar<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Western Europe, women who belong to religious groups and attend services more often tend to have more children.[57. Peri-Rotem, Nitzan. 2016.\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27340312\">Religion and Fertility in Western Europe: Trends Across Cohorts in Britain, France and the Netherlands<\/a>.\u201d European Journal of Population.]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pew Research Center analyzed data on six religious groups \u2013 Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews and people with no religious affiliation.[37. numoffset=&#8221;37&#8243; Although some faiths other than those analyzed in this report (such as Sikhs) have millions of adherents around the world, censuses and surveys in many countries do not measure them specifically. 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