{"id":70889,"date":"2021-09-21T09:49:43","date_gmt":"2021-09-21T14:49:43","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-09-09T13:44:39","modified_gmt":"2025-09-09T17:44:39","slug":"religious-composition-of-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/religious-composition-of-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Religious Composition of India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized alignnone wp-image-36033\"><img data-dominant-color=\"59391b\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/09\/PF_21.09.16_indiaComposition_featured.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-81974 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #59391b; width:640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Devotees light earthen lamps to mark the festival of Kartik Purnima in Hyderabad, India, in November 2019. (Noah Seelam\/AFP via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Pew Research Center study describes the religious makeup of India\u2019s population, how it changed between 1951 and 2011, and the main causes of the change. The analysis focuses on India\u2019s three largest religious groups \u2013 Hindus, Muslims and Christians \u2013 and also covers Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains when suitable data is available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Population sizes over time come from India\u2019s decennial census. The census has collected detailed information on India\u2019s inhabitants, including on religion, since 1881. Data on fertility and how it is related to factors like education levels and place of residence is from India\u2019s National Family Health Survey (NFHS). The NFHS is a large, nationally representative household survey with more extensive information about childbearing than the census.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data on migration is primarily from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock\">United Nations Population Division<\/a>. Survey responses about religious switching (or conversion) and interfaith marriage are from a <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/06\/PF_06.29.21_India.full_.report.pdf\">Pew Research Center survey<\/a> of 29,999 Indian adults conducted in late 2019 and early 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">References to Indian history, laws, border changes and survey delays are accurate as of Aug. 19, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information, see this report\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/methodology-41\">Methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India\u2019s fertility rate has been declining rapidly in recent decades. Today, the average Indian woman is expected to have 2.2 children in her lifetime, a fertility rate that is higher than rates in many economically advanced countries like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/vsrr\/vsrr012-508.pdf\">United States<\/a> (1.6) but much lower than India\u2019s in 1992 (3.4) or 1950 (5.9).[1. Fertility is measured using total fertility rate (TFR) throughout this report, unless otherwise specified. Total fertility rate is the total number of children an average woman would have in her lifetime if fertility patterns did not change. TFR is calculated by adding the birth rates experienced by women in each age group during a given period (e.g. the last year). In other words, TFR is a snapshot of fertility patterns in one place and time.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every religious group in the country has seen its fertility fall, including the majority Hindu population and Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain minority groups. Among Indian Muslims, for example, the total fertility rate has declined dramatically, from 4.4 children per woman in 1992 to 2.6 children in 2015, the most recent year for which religion data is available from India\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/rchiips.org\/nfhs\/index.shtml\">National Family Health Survey<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/religious-composition-of-india\/pf_09-21_india_demography_0-0-png-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-81967\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"602\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.0.png?resize=480,226 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.0.png?resize=782,368 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.0.png?resize=960,452 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.0.png?resize=1200,564 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.0.png?resize=1280,602 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.0.png\" alt=\"In India, fertility rates have fallen and religious gaps have shrunk\" class=\"wp-image-81967 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muslims still have the highest fertility rate among India\u2019s major religious groups, followed by Hindus at 2.1. Jains have the lowest fertility rate (1.2). The general pattern is largely the same as it was in 1992, when Muslims had the highest fertility rate at 4.4, followed by Hindus at 3.3. But <strong>the gaps in childbearing between India\u2019s religious groups are generally much smaller than they used to be.<\/strong> For example, while Muslim women were expected to have an average of 1.1 more children than Hindu women in 1992, the gap had shrunk to 0.5 by 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What do these trends mean for India\u2019s religious composition? India\u2019s Muslim population has grown somewhat faster than other religious groups because of fertility differences. But due in part to declining and converging fertility patterns, <strong>there have been only modest changes in the overall religious makeup of the population since 1951,<\/strong> when India conducted its first census as an independent nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/religious-composition-of-india\/pf_09-21_india_demography_0-1-png-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-81970\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f0ec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f0ec;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"578\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.1.png?resize=480,217 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.1.png?resize=782,353 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.1.png?resize=960,434 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.1.png?resize=1200,542 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.1.png?resize=1280,578 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/08\/PF_09.21_India_Demography_0.1.png\" alt=\"Hindus still large majority in India, while the share of Muslims has gradually grown\" class=\"wp-image-81970 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindus made up 79.8% of India\u2019s 1.2 billion (120 crore) total inhabitants in the most recent census, conducted in 2011. That is 0.7 percentage points less than in the previous census in 2001, and 4.3 points below the 84.1% recorded in 1951. Meanwhile, the share of Muslims grew from 13.4% in 2001 to 14.2% in 2011 \u2013 up by a total of 4.4 percentage points since 1951, when the census found that Muslims comprised 9.8% of India\u2019s population. Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains, who together make up nearly all of the remaining 6% of the population, were relatively stable in their shares since the 1951 census.[2. These population shares are based on India\u2019s 1951 census, the first after independence, and its most recent census, which was in 2011. The next census was scheduled to begin in early 2021, but as of writing has been postponed indefinitely due to the coronavirus pandemic. Some minority religions may be underreported in the census. See Methodology for details.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-beige-background-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related-india-research\">Related India research<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one in a series of Pew Research Center reports on India based on a survey of 29,999 Indian adults conducted Nov. 17, 2019, to March 23, 2020, as well as demographic data from the Indian Census and other government sources. Other reports can be found here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/\">Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/03\/02\/how-indians-view-gender-roles-in-families-and-society\/\">How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Society<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/indias-sex-ratio-at-birth-begins-to-normalize\/\">India\u2019s Sex Ratio at Birth Begins To Normalize<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the decades, population growth rates have slowed considerably \u2013 overall and among Muslims in particular. Before its steep fertility declines, India was on a trajectory that would have resulted in a much larger total population, as well as a greater change in the distribution of religious populations. (See discussion of growth rates in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/population-growth-and-religious-composition\">Chapter 1<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While changes at the national level have been modest, they have not been distributed evenly across India. Some states and union territories have experienced faster population growth or larger changes in religious composition than other states or the country as a whole. For example, the share of Hindus fell by nearly 6% in Arunachal Pradesh but rose by about 2% in Punjab between 2001 and 2011. (See <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories\">Chapter 3<\/a> for more information on the religious demography of India\u2019s states and territories.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-beige-background-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-note-on-large-numbers\">A note on large numbers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India uses a number system that differs from the international number system. This report presents numbers in the international system and, in parentheses, the Indian system. The Indian number system uses units such as lakhs and crores and places commas at different intervals than the international system. Some examples of equivalents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>International number system vs. Indian number system<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One hundred thousand (100,000) = 1 lakh (1,00,000)<br>\nOne million (1,000,000) = 10 lakh (10,00,000)<br>\nTen million (10,000,000) = 1 crore (1,00,00,000)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are among the key findings of a Pew Research Center demographic analysis of data from India\u2019s census and other sources, designed to complement a major new public opinion survey, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/\">Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation<\/a>,\u201d published in June 2021. This analysis looks primarily at trends since India\u2019s independence, which was accompanied by major changes in the country\u2019s religious demographics. The Partition of 1947, at the end of Britain\u2019s long colonial rule, divided the Indian subcontinent along religious lines, causing millions (tens of lakhs) of Muslims to move to the new nation of Pakistan. Meanwhile, millions (tens of lakhs) of Hindus and members of other religious groups migrated to the new India (see sidebar below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Migration is one of three main mechanisms, along with fertility and conversion, that cause religious groups to shrink or expand. But since the 1950s, migration has had only a modest impact on India\u2019s religious composition. More than 99% of people who live in India were also born in India. Migrants leaving India outnumber immigrants three-to-one, and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2017\/03\/03\/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants\/\">religious minorities are more likely than Hindus to leave<\/a>. Religious switching, or conversion \u2013 when an individual leaves one religion for another or stops affiliating with any religion \u2013 also appears to have had a relatively small impact on India\u2019s overall composition, with 98% of Indian adults still identifying with the religion in which they were raised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, statistical analysis of census and survey data shows that<strong> fertility has been by far the biggest driver of the modest amount of religious change in the decades since Partition <\/strong>(see <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/causes-of-religious-change\">Chapter 2<\/a>&nbsp;for details).[3. The Partition of India in 1947 divided land and citizens along religious lines into India and Pakistan. See sidebar for background on how national and state boundaries have shifted on the Indian subcontinent over the past century.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religion is only one of many factors tied to fertility rates. While this report describes differences in the fertility patterns of major religious groups in India, it cannot measure the full impact of historical and cultural factors on these patterns, nor can it quantify the direct role that religion plays when it comes to fertility and family size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In India and elsewhere, education is a primary factor in how many children women tend to have. Other prosperity indicators \u2013 such as life expectancy and average levels of wealth \u2013 also frequently correlate with fertility measures: Women who have better access to schooling, jobs and health care tend to have fewer children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Population growth is driven not only by how many children women have, but also by the concentration of women of childbearing age. Younger populations have more women entering their prime childbearing years and, as a result, tend to grow faster than older populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, where people live within India, as well as their history and cultural norms (which are harder to measure), play a role in the choices they make about family matters. <strong>In short, people\u2019s religion alone does not determine how many children they will have. <\/strong>Religion is just part of a complicated picture.<br>\n<a name=\"india-changing-geography\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-beige-background-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sidebar-india-s-changing-geography\">Sidebar: India\u2019s changing geography<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India\u2019s census provides data on the size of its religious groups going back to 1881. But it is a challenge to fully trace changes in the country\u2019s religious composition because domestic and international borders have moved many times since then. Some large regions have become independent nations, while the shape and status of Indian states, princely states and union territories have often shifted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Generally speaking, India\u2019s <em>external<\/em> borders have been stable enough since the Partition of 1947 to allow comparisons of national-level figures since 1951. However, the <em>internal<\/em> lines between Indian states and territories have moved so often since the 1950s that reliable state-level comparisons are possible only for the 2001-2011 decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Partition of India<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most significant geographic change since the Indian census began was the Partition of 1947. In the final years of colonial rule, the British faced demands not only to cede independence to India but also to grant sovereignty to Muslim-majority regions in the subcontinent\u2019s northwestern and northeastern corners. As a result, the Independence Act that formally ended British rule also created the country of Pakistan, which at the time encompassed modern-day Bangladesh. Britain did not anticipate the extent of population transfer and chaos that would follow Partition, while poor planning led to last-minute confusion that contributed to a large-scale humanitarian crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Partition was tumultuous from the start. The date for Partition and Independence was moved up by 10 months without much notice, from June 1948 to August 1947. The committee tasked with defining the boundaries of India and Pakistan did not convene until July 1947 and published its decisions two days <em>after <\/em>Pakistan became independent. Before then, most people knew only that the division would be based on which religious group was in the majority in a given place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Muslims migrated to the newly independent Pakistan, Hindus and others migrated to newly independent India. By the end of 1947, approximately 15 million (1.5 crore) people were displaced amid widespread rioting and violence, creating one of the biggest refugee crises in history. By some estimates, more than a million (10 lakh) people died.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>States and territories <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India\u2019s external and internal borders continued to change after Partition. One way or another, a majority of the 28 states and eight union territories that existed at the writing of this report have gained their current status since the landmark census of 1951.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given India\u2019s large size, external boundary changes that took place after Partition have not made much difference in the country\u2019s religious demography, even counting the incorporation of small regions such as Goa, which has a significant Christian population. Some external borders changed as Portugal and France \u2013 which continued to hold territory for several years after the rest of India became independent \u2013 withdrew from the region. Portuguese-held Goa, on the western coast, was seized by India in 1961 and has been included in India\u2019s census since 1971, initially as a union territory and later as a state. Puducherry (formerly held by the French), largely on India\u2019s southeastern coast, became a union territory of India in 1962. In 1975, the people of Sikkim, then an independent country bordering China, voted to make Sikkim India\u2019s 22nd state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, India\u2019s internal borders have been in continual flux since independence, leading to frequent changes in religious composition within states. A dozen new states have been established in the past 50 years alone: Telangana, India\u2019s newest state, was created in 2014. Jammu and Kashmir, formerly a unified state, was reorganized into two union territories in 2019. However, there were no impactful internal border changes between the censuses of 2001 and 2011, the period examined at the state level in this report. During that decade, India had a total of 35 states and union territories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All major religious groups in India have shown sharp declines in their fertility rates, limiting change in the country\u2019s religious composition since 1951. Meanwhile, fertility differences between India\u2019s religious groups are generally much smaller than they used to be.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":367,"featured_media":141421,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"All religious groups in India show major declines in fertility rates, limiting change in the country\u2019s religious composition over time ","sub_title":"All religious groups in India show major declines in fertility rates, limiting change in the country\u2019s religious composition over time 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Society","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/03\/02\/how-indians-view-gender-roles-in-families-and-society\/","date":"2022-03-02 09:46:12","label":"Report"},{"key":"_wwbvstnyk","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/","postId":396306,"title":"Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/","date":"2021-06-29 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