{"id":70390,"date":"2022-08-23T09:50:06","date_gmt":"2022-08-23T14:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\/"},"modified":"2025-09-09T13:54:00","modified_gmt":"2025-09-09T17:54:00","slug":"sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\/","title":{"rendered":"Sidebar: Laws, norms and traditions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"h-sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\">Laws and cultural norms tied to inheritance and marriage may help explain differences in attitudes toward sons, daughters and abortion. This sidebar offers a very elementary glance at Indian laws, norms and traditions that might be tied to sex selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Inheritance: <\/em><\/strong>Inheritance traditions are among the barriers that Indian women face, even though laws in most cases grant equal inheritance rights to sons and daughters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India\u2019s major religious groups are subject to <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/wealth\/legal\/will\/inheritance-rights-of-hindu-muslim-christian-women-are-not-the-same\/articleshow\/90067981.cms\">different inheritance laws.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs are governed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/egazette.nic.in\/WriteReadData\/1956\/E-2173-1956-0038-99150.pdf\">Hindu Succession Act of 1956<\/a>, which originally excluded daughters from <a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/india-business\/11-facts-about-ancestral-property-you-must-know\/articleshow\/61684720.cms\">inheriting ancestral property<\/a> held jointly by the extended family. Although it was <a href=\"https:\/\/egazette.nic.in\/WriteReadData\/2005\/E_45_2012_114.pdf\">amended in 2005<\/a> to treat genders more equally, the new law does not seem to have completely brought about the desired change. Some families circumvent the law by <a href=\"https:\/\/thewire.in\/law\/hindu-succession-act-women-supreme-court\">pressuring daughters to give up their share of inheritance<\/a>, and daughters may forfeit their rights to avoid straining family ties.[41. numoffset=&#8221;41&#8243; Deininger, Klaus, Aparajita Goyal, and Hari Nagarajan. 2010. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/3823\/WPS5338.pdf?sequence=1\">Inheritance Law Reform and Women\u2019s Access to Capital<\/a>.\u201d Policy Research Working Papers. See also Brul\u00e9, Rachel E. 2020. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/708645?mobileUi=0&amp;\">Reform, Representation, and Resistance: The Politics of Property Rights\u2019 Enforcement<\/a>.\u201d The Journal of Politics.]<\/li><li>Muslims are governed by the <a href=\"http:\/\/ncwapps.nic.in\/acts\/TheMuslimPersonalLaw-Shariat-ApplicationAct1937.pdf\">Muslim Personal Law<\/a>, which follows the principles of Shariah, granting sons <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/india\/story\/uniform-civil-code-in-india-ucc-bjp-muslim-hindu-personal-law-marriage-act-1942830-2022-04-28\">twice as large an inheritance<\/a> as daughters. This makes Islam the only religion in India that legally favors sons in this way.<\/li><li>Most Christians are subject to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2385\/1\/a1925-39.pdf\">Indian Succession Act of 1925<\/a>, which treats sons and daughters equally, although state governments have the power to exempt tribes and sects, and some small Christian groups may follow their own customs.[42. Mishra, Archana. 2014-15. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2542728\">Breaking Silence &#8211; Christian Women\u2019s Inheritance Rights Under Indian Succession Act, 1925<\/a>.\u201d Chotanagpur Law Journal.] (For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/cities\/guwahati\/meghalaya-khasi-women-non-tribal-husbands-customs-lose-inheritance-rights-bill-7613536\/\">the Khasi community<\/a>, a majority Christian group in the Northeastern state of Meghalaya,&nbsp;passes ancestral property down through daughters.)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Marriage:<\/em> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-59530706\">Most marriages in India are arranged<\/a>, with parents typically making the choice (sometimes in consultation with the prospective brides and grooms) based on factors such as caste and religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindus discourage marriages within kinship groups. In addition, according to Hindu custom, it is generally unacceptable for married women to materially support their parents.[43. Robitaille, Marie-Claire. 2013<em>. <\/em>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00220388.2012.682986\">Determinants of Stated Son Preference in India: Are Men and Women Different?<\/a>\u201d The Journal of Development Studies.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some scholars argue that Muslim marriage customs are less disadvantageous to women than those of Hindus.[44. Guillot, Michel, and Keera Allendorf. 2010. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/genus.66.2.43\">Hindu-Muslim Differentials in Child Mortality in India<\/a>.\u201d Genus<em>.<\/em>] For example, Muslims favor close-kin marriages, which means that Muslim daughters tend to live relatively close to their natal family after marriage.[45. Narayan, Swati. 2018. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31124\/advance.7791437\">Religion and Female-Male Ratios in India<\/a>.\u201d Indian Journal of Human Development.] Moreover, Muslim daughters are customarily allowed to help their natal family financially, and thus are less likely to be seen as an economic liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christians mostly reside in the South and Northeast, where marriage customs are widely viewed as less disadvantageous to women than customs in other regions.[46. Fulford, Scott. 2013. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/boc\/bocoec\/820.html\">The Puzzle of Marriage Migration in India<\/a>.\u201d Boston College Working Papers in Economics] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Abortion: <\/em><\/strong>As generally understood, India\u2019s major religions <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ijalr.in\/2020\/08\/abortion-in-india-view-through-lens-of.html\">do not broadly condone abortion<\/a>. But it has been legal in India <a href=\"https:\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector\/acts\/mtp-act-1971\">since 1971<\/a>.[47. Damian, Constantin-Iulian. 2010. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/1286680900?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;fromopenview=true\">Abortion from the Perspective of Eastern Religions: Hinduism and Buddhist<\/a>.\u201d Romanian Journal of Bioethics. See also Coward, Harold and Tejinder Sidhu. 2000. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC80253\/\">Bioethics for clinicians: 19. Hinduism and Sikhism<\/a>.\u201d CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal. Also see Narayan, Swati. 2018. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31124\/advance.7791437\">Religion and Female-Male Ratios in India<\/a>.\u201d Indian Journal of Human Development.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A major <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/03\/02\/son-preference-and-abortion\/\">Pew Research Center survey<\/a> conducted in 2019-20 among nearly 30,000 people across India finds that 55% of Indian adults say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. Roughly half or more of adults surveyed in most of India\u2019s major religious groups say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, including 60% of Sikhs, 57% of Muslims, 54% of Hindus and 49% of Christians.[49. In contrast, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/religious-landscape-study\/compare\/views-about-abortion\/by\/religious-tradition\/\">the 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study<\/a> by Pew Research Center shows that Hindu Americans are more tolerant than Protestants, Catholics and Muslims toward abortion.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Dowry: <\/em><\/strong>Many researchers attribute India\u2019s widespread son preference and daughter aversion partly to the higher cost of raising daughters through the dowry tradition.[50. Anukriti, S., Sungoh Kwon, and Nishith Prakash. 2022. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2021.102750\">Saving for Dowry: Evidence from Rural India<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Development Economics.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dowries, which were confined to a minority of Indians a century ago and were <a href=\"https:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/act\/dowry-prohibition-act-1961\">outlawed in 1961<\/a>, are now prevalent across regions, castes and religions.[51. Bhalotra, Sonia, Abhishek Chakravarty, and Selim Gulesci. 2020. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2019.102413\">The Price of Gold: Dowry and Death in India<\/a>.\u201d Journal of Development Economics. See also Chiplunkar, Gaurav and Je\ufb00rey Weaver. 2017. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/83icypwby4y5doy\/171101%20Chiplunkar%20Weaver%20NEUDC%20final.pdf?dl=0\">Marriage Markets and the Rise of Dowry in India<\/a>.\u201d] (Gifts from the groom\u2019s family to the bride\u2019s family, known as \u201cbridewealth\u201d or \u201cdower,\u201d are given less commonly and tend to be much smaller.) Although dowry is traditionally a voluntary gift by parents to their daughters and her new family at the time of marriage, in practice it is sometimes a \u201cprice\u201d demanded by the groom\u2019s family.[52. Makino, Momoe. 2019. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11150-017-9377-x?shared-article-renderer\">Dowry in the Absence of the Legal Protection of Women\u2019s Inheritance Rights<\/a>.\u201d Review of Economics of the Household.] <a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/kerala\/kerala-court-sentences-husband-10-years-jail-rs-12-lakh-fine-vismaya-dowry-death-case-7933344\/\">Not providing a sufficient dowry<\/a> at marriage, or failing to meet continued demands for dowry payments after marriage, has sometimes<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalcitizen.org\/en\/content\/india-dowry-death-gender-inequality\/\"> led to harassment and violence<\/a> against brides <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/india\/death-of-three-sisters-spotlights-india-dowry-violence\/articleshow\/92070742.cms\">by husbands and their families<\/a>, and, in some cases, to suicide.[53. Diamond-Smith, Nadia, Nancy Luke, and Stephen McGarvey. 2008. \u201c\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691050802061665\">Too Many Girls, Too Much Dowry\u2019: Son Preference and Daughter Aversion in Rural Tamil Nadu, India<\/a>.\u201d Culture, Health &amp; Sexuality.] Parents feel obliged to pay a large dowry to marry their daughter into a socially desirable family.[54. Jakimow, Tanya. 2012. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0021909612444397?journalCode=jasa\">\u2018Everyone Must Give\u2019: Explaining the Spread and Persistence of Bridegroom Price among the Poor in Rural Telangana, India.\u201d<\/a> Journal of Asian and African Studies. Also see Srinivasan, Sharada. 2005. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0305750X05000057\">Daughters or Dowries? The Changing Nature of Dowry Practices in South India.<\/a>\u201d World Development.]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laws and cultural norms tied to inheritance and marriage may help explain differences in attitudes toward sons, daughters and abortion. This sidebar offers a very elementary glance at Indian laws, norms and traditions that might be tied to sex selection. Inheritance: Inheritance traditions are among the barriers that Indian women face, even though laws in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[94,254,179,387,216,193,189,194,412,164,405],"tags":[],"bylines":[680],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[498,514],"research-teams":[517],"class_list":["post-70390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-abortion","category-birth-rate-fertility","category-christianity","category-gender-religion","category-gender-equality-discrimination","category-hinduism","category-islam","category-other-religions","category-pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project","category-religion-abortion","category-size-demographic-characteristics-of-religious-groups","bylines-yunping-tong","formats-report","regions-countries-india","regions-countries-international","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":70331,"word_count":977,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":141375,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/08\/PF_22.08.23_sexRatio_featured-1.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/08\/PF_22.08.23_sexRatio_featured-1.jpg?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"A woman holds a baby at a public rally on International Women\u2019s Day in 2018 in Jhunjhunu, India, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the expansion of the \u201cSave the girl child, educate the girl child\u201d program. 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(Himanshu Vyas\/Hindustan Times via Getty Images)","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":70331,"title":"India\u2019s Sex Ratio at Birth Begins To Normalize","slug":"indias-sex-ratio-at-birth-begins-to-normalize","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/indias-sex-ratio-at-birth-begins-to-normalize\/","is_active":false},{"id":70324,"title":"Sidebar: Sex ratios around the world","slug":"sidebar-sex-ratios-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-sex-ratios-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":70378,"title":"1. Changes in son preference, ultrasound use and fertility","slug":"changes-in-son-preference-ultrasound-use-and-fertility","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/changes-in-son-preference-ultrasound-use-and-fertility\/","is_active":false},{"id":70320,"title":"Sidebar: Demographic profiles","slug":"sidebar-demographic-profiles","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-demographic-profiles\/","is_active":false},{"id":70358,"title":"2. What role does caste play?","slug":"what-role-does-caste-play","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/what-role-does-caste-play\/","is_active":false},{"id":70390,"title":"Sidebar: Laws, norms and traditions","slug":"sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\/","is_active":true},{"id":70341,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"india-sex-ratio-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":70350,"title":"Methodology","slug":"india-sex-ratio-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":70370,"title":"Appendix","slug":"india-sex-ratio-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-appendix\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_7wtp4wg4g","type":"report","attachmentId":81548,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/08\/PR_2022.08.26_India-sex-ratio_REPORT.pdf"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":70390,"title":"Sidebar: Laws, norms and traditions","slug":"sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\/","is_active":true,"page_num":6},"next_post":{"id":70341,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"india-sex-ratio-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},"previous_post":{"id":70358,"title":"2. What role does caste play?","slug":"what-role-does-caste-play","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/what-role-does-caste-play\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},"pagination_items":[{"id":70331,"title":"India\u2019s Sex Ratio at Birth Begins To Normalize","slug":"indias-sex-ratio-at-birth-begins-to-normalize","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/indias-sex-ratio-at-birth-begins-to-normalize\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":70324,"title":"Sidebar: Sex ratios around the world","slug":"sidebar-sex-ratios-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-sex-ratios-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":70378,"title":"1. Changes in son preference, ultrasound use and fertility","slug":"changes-in-son-preference-ultrasound-use-and-fertility","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/changes-in-son-preference-ultrasound-use-and-fertility\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":70320,"title":"Sidebar: Demographic profiles","slug":"sidebar-demographic-profiles","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-demographic-profiles\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":70358,"title":"2. What role does caste play?","slug":"what-role-does-caste-play","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/what-role-does-caste-play\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":70390,"title":"Sidebar: Laws, norms and traditions","slug":"sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/sidebar-laws-norms-and-traditions\/","is_active":true,"page_num":6},{"id":70341,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"india-sex-ratio-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":70350,"title":"Methodology","slug":"india-sex-ratio-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":70370,"title":"Appendix","slug":"india-sex-ratio-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/08\/23\/india-sex-ratio-appendix\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"India\u2019s Sex Ratio at Birth Begins To Normalize","parent_id":70331},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Sidebar: Indian inheritance laws, marriage and dowry traditions and abortion views","description":"Laws and cultural norms tied to inheritance and marriage may help explain differences in attitudes toward sons, daughters and abortion. 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