{"id":70262,"date":"2022-10-27T09:50:29","date_gmt":"2022-10-27T14:50:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/"},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:55:30","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:55:30","slug":"45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/","title":{"rendered":"45% of Americans Say U.S. Should Be a \u2018Christian Nation\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/10\/PF_22.10.27_christianNation_featured.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38329\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">(WoodyUpstate\/Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this survey to explore Americans\u2019 attitudes about religion\u2019s role in public life. The survey asked respondents whether they think churches and other religious organizations should be involved in politics, whether the U.S. should be a \u201cChristian nation,\u201d whether they have heard of \u201cChristian nationalism\u201d (and if so, what they think of it), and about their perceptions of religion\u2019s role in the Supreme Court, among other topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this report, we surveyed 10,588 U.S. adults from Sept. 13 to 18, 2022. Roughly half of the survey\u2019s respondents (5,311 participants) were randomly assigned to receive the questions about whether the U.S. should be a \u201cChristian nation,\u201d and the other half of respondents (5,277) were randomly assigned to receive the \u201cChristian nationalism\u201d questions. All respondents to the survey are part of Pew Research Center\u2019s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education, religious affiliation and other categories. For more, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/u-s-survey-research\/american-trends-panel\/\">ATP\u2019s methodology<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/christian-nationalism-methodology\/\">methodology<\/a> for this report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_TOPLINE.pdf\">questions used<\/a> in this report can be found here.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Growing numbers of religious and political leaders are <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/news-and-politics\/2022\/08\/christian-nationalist-identity-marjorie-taylor-greene.html\">embracing the \u201cChristian nationalist\u201d label<\/a>, and some dispute the idea that the country\u2019s founders wanted a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2022\/06\/28\/lauren-boebert-church-state-colorado\/\">separation of church and state<\/a>. On the other side of the debate, however, many Americans \u2013 including the <a href=\"https:\/\/nationalcouncilofchurches.us\/common-witness-ncc\/the-dangers-of-christian-nationalism-in-the-united-states-a-policy-statement-of-the-national-council-of-churches\/\">leaders of many Christian churches<\/a> \u2013 have pushed back against Christian nationalism, <a href=\"https:\/\/baptistnews.com\/article\/christian-nationalism-is-a-danger-to-our-nation\/#.YzRaKHbMK70\">calling it a \u201cdanger\u201d to the country. <\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81453\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e6de\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e6de;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"530\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows more than four-in-ten U.S. adults say the country should be a \u2018Christian nation,\u2019 but far fewer want churches to endorse candidates, speak out on politics\" class=\"wp-image-81453 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=238,300 238w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=768,969 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=811,1024 811w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=321,405 321w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=200,252 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=260,328 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=310,391 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=420,530 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=640,808 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=740,934 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=160,202 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-01.png?resize=320,404 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most U.S. adults believe America\u2019s founders intended the country to be a Christian nation, and many say they think it should be a Christian nation today, according to a new Pew Research Center survey designed to explore Americans\u2019 views on the topic. But the survey also finds widely differing opinions about what it means to be a \u201cChristian nation\u201d and to support \u201cChristian nationalism.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, many supporters of Christian nationhood define the concept in broad terms, as the idea that the country is guided by Christian values. Those who say the United States should <em>not<\/em> be a Christian nation, on the other hand, are much more inclined to define a Christian nation as one where the laws explicitly enshrine religious teachings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, six-in-ten U.S. adults \u2013 including nearly seven-in-ten Christians \u2013 say they believe the founders \u201coriginally intended\u201d for the U.S. to be a Christian nation. And 45% of U.S. adults \u2013 including about six-in-ten Christians \u2013 say they think the country \u201cshould be\u201d a Christian nation. A third say the U.S. \u201cis now\u201d a Christian nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, a large majority of the public expresses some reservations about intermingling religion and government. For example, about three-quarters of U.S. adults (77%) say that churches and other houses of worship should not endorse candidates for political offices. Two-thirds (67%) say that religious institutions should keep out of political matters rather than expressing their views on day-to-day social or political questions. And the new survey \u2013 along with <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/10\/28\/in-u-s-far-more-support-than-oppose-separation-of-church-and-state\/\">other recent Center research<\/a> \u2013 makes clear that there is far more support for the idea of separation of church and state than opposition to it among Americans overall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This raises the question: What do people mean when they say the U.S. should be a \u201cChristian nation\u201d? While some people who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation define the concept as one where a nation\u2019s laws are based on Christian tenets and the nation\u2019s leaders are Christian, it is much more common for people in this category to see a Christian nation as one where people are more broadly guided by Christian values or a belief in God, even if its laws are not explicitly Christian and its leaders can have a variety of faiths or no faith at all. Some people who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation are thinking about the religious makeup of the population; to them, a Christian nation is a country where most people are Christians. Others are simply envisioning a place where people treat each other well and have good morals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Combining the results of the new survey with an <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/10\/28\/in-u-s-far-more-support-than-oppose-separation-of-church-and-state\/\">earlier Center survey on the relationship between religion and government<\/a> conducted in March 2021 helps to show the distribution of these differing viewpoints. Thousands of respondents took both surveys, so it is possible to see how they answered multiple questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among those who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation, roughly three-in-ten (28%) said in March 2021 that \u201cthe federal government should declare the U.S. a Christian nation,\u201d while half (52%) said the federal government \u201cshould never declare any particular religion as the official religion of the United States.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, among those who say in the new survey that the U.S. should be a Christian nation, only about a quarter (24%) said in the prior survey that the federal government should advocate Christian religious values. About twice as many (52%) said the government should \u201cadvocate for moral values that are shared by people of many faiths.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And three-in-ten U.S. adults who want the U.S. to be a Christian nation (31%) said in the March 2021 survey that the federal government should stop enforcing the separation of church and state. More took the opposite position, saying the federal government <em>should<\/em> enforce that separation (39%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81417\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e9eae8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e9eae8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" height=\"810\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows many Americans who say U.S. should be a \u2018Christian nation\u2019 do not want the federal government to declare it officially\" class=\"wp-image-81417 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=237,300 237w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=768,972 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=809,1024 809w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=1214,1536 1214w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=320,405 320w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=200,253 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=260,329 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=310,392 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=420,532 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=640,810 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=740,937 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-02.png?resize=160,203 160w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, however, people who believe the U.S. should be a Christian nation are far more inclined than those who think it should not be a Christian nation to favor officially declaring Christianity to be the nation\u2019s religion, to support government advocacy of Christian values, and to say the government should stop enforcing separation of church and state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Furthermore, the new survey finds that nearly eight-in-ten people who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation also say the Bible should have at least some influence on U.S. laws, including slightly more than half (54%) who say that when the Bible conflicts with the will of the people, the Bible should prevail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81422\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eceded\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eceded;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" height=\"597\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows among those who want U.S. to be a \u2018Christian nation,\u2019 upward of half say Bible should influence U.S. laws and take precedence over the will of the people\" class=\"wp-image-81422 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=300,280 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=768,716 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=1024,955 1024w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=434,405 434w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=200,187 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=260,243 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=310,289 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=420,392 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=640,597 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=740,690 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=160,149 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-03.png?resize=320,299 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81426\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-04-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ededed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ededed;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" height=\"388\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?w=310\" alt=\"Chart shows those who say U.S. should be a \u2018Christian nation\u2019 divided about the impact of religious diversity\" class=\"wp-image-81426 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=240,300 240w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=324,405 324w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=200,250 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=260,325 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=310,388 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=420,526 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=160,200 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-04.png?resize=320,401 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And about a third of U.S. adults who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation (32%) also think the fact that the country is religiously diverse \u2013 i.e., made up of people from many different religions as well as people who are not religious \u2013 weakens American society. Those who want the U.S. to be a Christian nation are far more inclined than those who do not want the U.S. to be a Christian nation to express this negative view of religious diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, among those who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation, there are roughly as many people who say the country\u2019s religious diversity <em>strengthens<\/em> American society as there are who say it weakens society (28% vs. 32%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And cumulatively, the survey\u2019s results suggest that most people who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation are thinking of some definition of the term other than a government-imposed theocracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81430\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-05-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"427\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows what does the phrase \u2018Christian nation\u2019 mean to you?\" class=\"wp-image-81430 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=295,300 295w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=768,781 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=398,405 398w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=200,203 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=260,264 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=310,315 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=420,427 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=640,651 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=740,752 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=75,75 75w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=160,163 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-05.png?resize=320,325 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, in response to a question that gave respondents a chance to describe, in their own words, what the phrase \u201cChristian nation\u201d means to them, nearly half (48%) of those who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation define that phrase as the general guidance of Christian beliefs and values in society, such as that a Christian nation is one where the population has faith in God or Jesus Christ, specifically. Fewer people who say the U.S. should be a Christian nation explain that they mean the country\u2019s laws should be based on Christianity (6%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those who say the U.S. should <em>not<\/em> be a Christian nation are much more likely than those who say it should be one to say that being a Christian nation would entail religion-based laws and policies (30% vs. 6%). Others who oppose Christian nationhood use negative words to describe the concept, such as that a Christian nation would be \u201cstrict,\u201d \u201ccontrolling,\u201d \u201cracist,\u201d \u201cbigoted\u201d or \u201cexclusionary\u201d toward people of other faiths (21%). (For additional discussion and details of the results of the survey\u2019s open-ended question about the meaning of the term \u201cChristian nation,\u201d see <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism\/\">Chapter 3<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-beige-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"in-your-own-words-what-does-the-phrase-christian-nation-mean-to-you\">In your own words, what does the phrase \u2018Christian nation\u2019 mean to you?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Examples of responses among those who say \u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2026 the U.S. should be a Christian nation<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cA country based on Christian beliefs. Freedom of religion, all men being created equal. While belief in the 10 Commandments would be great, imagine life in the U.S. if only four to 10 were kept! People need to believe in something\/someone higher than themselves.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cBelief in the underpinning philosophy of Judeo-Christian traditions, which includes loving thy neighbor, belief in service to a higher power than yourself, individualism, free will and traditional morality.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cAttributing all that we have to God or a supreme being.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2026 the U.S. should <u>NOT<\/u><\/em> <em>be a Christian nation<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u201c\u2018<\/em>Christian\u2019 used to be code for polite and decent; now it\u2019s code for the opposite. A \u2018Christian nation\u2019 would be intolerant, inflexible and ultimately brutal.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cI don\u2019t like that term, but to me it means theocracy. I realize other people mean it in different ways, such as to refer to the fact that most people in America are Christian. But to pretend that the nation somehow belongs to Christians just because they happen to be the majority excludes everyone else.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cA White Christian ethno-state.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the questions that asked about being a \u201cChristian <em>nation<\/em>,\u201d the survey asked other respondents about their familiarity with the term \u201cChristian <em>nationalism<\/em>.&#8221;[1. A randomly selected half of respondents received the survey\u2019s questions about being a \u201cChristian nation,\u201d while the other half of respondents received the questions about \u201cChristian nationalism.\u201d No respondents received both groups of questions. See <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_TOPLINE.pdf\">Topline<\/a> for complete details.] Overall, the survey indicates that more than half of U.S. adults (54%) have heard nothing at all about Christian nationalism, while 14% say they have heard a little, 17% have heard some, 9% have heard quite a bit and 5% have heard a great deal about it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Altogether, 45% say they have heard at least a little about Christian nationalism. These respondents received a follow-up question asking whether they have a favorable or unfavorable view of Christian nationalism. (Those who said they had heard nothing at all about the term were not asked for their opinion on it.) Far more people express an unfavorable opinion than a favorable one (24% vs. 5%), though even among respondents who say they have heard at least a little about Christian nationalism, many don\u2019t express an opinion or say they don\u2019t know enough to take a stance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81434\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-06-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0f0f0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0f0f0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" height=\"351\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows more than half of U.S. adults have heard nothing at all about \u2018Christian nationalism\u2019\" class=\"wp-image-81434 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=300,165 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=768,421 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=1024,562 1024w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=738,405 738w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=200,110 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=260,143 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=310,170 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=420,230 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=640,351 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=740,406 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=160,88 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-06.png?resize=320,176 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an open-ended question asking about the meaning of \u201cChristian nationalism,\u201d upward of one-in-ten Americans say the term implies some form of institutionalization or official dominance of Christianity, such as theocratic rule or a formal declaration that the U.S. is a Christian nation with Christian inhabitants. At the same time, many Americans who say they hold a <em>favorable<\/em> view of Christian nationalism describe it in ways that suggest it promotes morality and faith without necessarily being in a position of formal, legal dominance. Overall, however, Americans\u2019 descriptions of Christian nationalism \u2013 especially among those who have an <em>unfavorable<\/em> opinion of it \u2013 are more negative than positive. <strong>(See an accompanying <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/in-their-own-words-how-americans-describe-christian-nationalism\/\">interactive feature<\/a> for a selection of responses to this question.)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are among the key findings of a new Pew Research Center survey, conducted Sept. 13-18, 2022, among 10,588 respondents who are part of the Center\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/our-methods\/u-s-surveys\/the-american-trends-panel\/\">American Trends Panel<\/a>. The survey is the latest entry in the Center\u2019s long-running effort to gauge the public\u2019s perceptions and attitudes related to religion in public life \u2013 including their views about how much influence religion has in American society and how much it ought to have. The survey also contained several questions about religion and the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81437\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-07-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebf0f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebf0f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"614\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows about a third of Americans now say Supreme Court is friendly to religion\" class=\"wp-image-81437 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=205,300 205w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=768,1123 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=700,1024 700w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=277,405 277w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=200,292 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=260,380 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=310,453 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=420,614 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=640,936 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=740,1082 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=160,234 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-07.png?resize=320,468 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The high court\u2019s last session produced a number of decisions with implications for religion, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/06\/24\/1102305878\/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">historic case that overturned Roe v. Wade<\/a> as well as rulings that favored a <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/supreme-court-coach-prayer-2981a8073ea82a1a688c367270c941aa\">high school football coach who led Christian prayers<\/a> after games and allowed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/legal\/government\/us-supreme-court-backs-public-money-religious-schools-maine-case-2022-06-21\/\">public funding for private religious schools<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The new survey finds a big jump in the share of Americans who say they think the Supreme Court is friendly toward religion. Today, roughly a third of U.S. adults (35%) say the court is friendly to religion, up sharply from 18% who said this in 2019, when the Center last asked this question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About four-in-ten U.S. adults (42%) say the Supreme Court\u2019s recent decisions have helped the interests of Christians in the United States, compared with 15% who say they have hurt Christians. And 44% of U.S. adults say Supreme Court justices have relied on their religious beliefs too much in their recent decisions, versus 13% who say they have relied on these beliefs too little. Both of these questions were asked for the first time as part of the new survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81440\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-08-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"dce6ea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dce6ea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"396\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows three-quarters of U.S. adults say religion is losing influence in American life\" class=\"wp-image-81440 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=300,283 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=768,724 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=430,405 430w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=200,189 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=260,245 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=310,292 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=420,396 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=640,603 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=740,698 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=160,151 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-08.png?resize=320,302 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey also finds a small but noticeable uptick in the share of respondents who say religion is gaining influence in American life \u2013 from 20% in 2019 to 23% today. And the share of Americans who say it has become harder to be a person of strong religious faith over the last decade declined from 54% in 2014 (when the Center last asked this question) to 47% today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, with religiously unaffiliated Americans <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/09\/13\/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america\/\">rising steadily as a share of the U.S. population<\/a>, the share of people who say religion is losing influence in American life continues to far exceed the share who say religion\u2019s influence is growing (by a 74% to 23% margin). And those who say it has gotten harder to be a deeply religious person in the U.S. continue to outnumber those who say it has become easier (by a 47% to 13% margin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And over the past year, there is no sign that any religious group analyzed in the survey has increasingly come to view their side as \u201cwinning\u201d on the political issues that matter most to them. Indeed, majorities in every religious group analyzed in the study \u2013 ranging from 62% of Black Protestants to 78% of White evangelical Protestants \u2013 say their side has been losing more often than winning on the political issues that matter to them. This also includes people who are religiously unaffiliated (those who describe themselves as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular\u201d). Three-quarters (74%) of unaffiliated U.S. adults (sometimes called \u201cnones\u201d) say their side has been losing. (For additional discussion of the public\u2019s view of whether their side has been winning or losing in politics, see \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/10\/03\/growing-share-of-americans-say-their-side-in-politics-has-been-losing-more-often-than-winning\/\">Growing share of Americans say their side in politics has been losing more often than winning<\/a>.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81443\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-09-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"edeeed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #edeeed;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" height=\"366\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows over past year, no increase in share of people in any religious category who feel their side has been winning on political issues; all groups feel they are losing\" class=\"wp-image-81443 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=300,172 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=768,439 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=1024,586 1024w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=708,405 708w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=200,114 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=260,149 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=310,177 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=420,240 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=640,366 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=740,423 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=160,92 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=320,183 320w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=194,110 194w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=148,84 148w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-09.png?resize=296,168 296w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;views-about-how-major-parties-biden-administration-approach-religion&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"views-about-how-major-parties-biden-administration-approach-religion\">Views about how major parties, Biden administration approach religion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81446\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-010-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"dfd6d9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dfd6d9;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"752\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows Republicans and Democrats agree that the GOP is \u2018friendly\u2019 toward religion; no similar consensus about Democratic Party\" class=\"wp-image-81446 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=168,300 168w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=768,1375 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=572,1024 572w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=226,405 226w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=200,358 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=260,466 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=310,555 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=420,752 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=640,1146 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=740,1325 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=160,286 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-010.png?resize=320,573 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to asking about the Supreme Court\u2019s stance toward religion, the survey also asked similar questions about the country\u2019s two major political parties and the Biden administration. Republicans and Democrats mostly agree that the Republican Party is \u201cfriendly\u201d toward religion; 61% of Republicans and independents who lean toward the Republican Party say this, as do 60% of Democrats and Democratic leaners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Partisans differ sharply, however, in their perceptions of the Democratic Party. Six-in-ten Democrats say their party is \u201cneutral\u201d toward religion, and roughly three-in-ten say their party is friendly toward religion. Just 8% of Democrats view the Democratic Party as \u201cunfriendly\u201d toward religion. In sharp contrast, most Republicans (61%) say the Democratic Party is unfriendly toward religion, while 27% say it is neutral and just 10% say it is friendly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Majorities in most religious groups say the Republican Party is friendly toward religion, although Black Protestants (32% of whom view the GOP as friendly to religion) and Hispanic Catholics (47%) are two exceptions. White evangelicals, meanwhile, are the only religious group in which a majority views the Democratic Party as unfriendly to religion (64%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81449\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-011-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"c7dee8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #c7dee8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"718\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows most Democrats say Biden administration is \u2018neutral\u2019 toward religion; most Republicans say it is \u2018unfriendly\u2019\" class=\"wp-image-81449 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=175,300 175w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=768,1313 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=599,1024 599w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=237,405 237w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=200,342 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=260,444 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=310,530 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=420,718 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=640,1094 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=740,1265 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=160,274 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-011.png?resize=320,547 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opinions about the Biden administration\u2019s approach to religion resemble views toward the Democratic Party. Most Democrats say the Biden administration is neutral toward religion, while a sizable minority say it is friendly and just 5% say it is unfriendly. By contrast, most Republicans (57%) say the White House is unfriendly toward religion, while three-in-ten say it is neutral and just one-in-ten say it is friendly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A plurality of all U.S. Catholics (44%) say the Biden administration is neutral toward religion, while 29% say it is unfriendly and 25% say it is friendly to religion. (Biden is the nation\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/01\/20\/biden-only-second-catholic-president-but-nearly-all-have-been-christians-2\/\">second Catholic president<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;partisanship-religion-and-views-of-u-s-as-christian-nation&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"partisanship-religion-and-views-of-u-s-as-christian-nation\">Partisanship, religion and views of U.S. as \u2018Christian nation\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81413\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-012-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f2f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" height=\"733\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows six-in-ten Christians say U.S. should be a \u2018Christian nation\u2019\" class=\"wp-image-81413 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=172,300 172w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=768,1340 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=587,1024 587w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=232,405 232w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=200,349 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=260,454 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=310,541 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=420,733 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=640,1117 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=740,1291 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=160,279 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-012.png?resize=320,558 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey finds that White evangelical Protestants are more likely than other Christians to say the founders intended for America to be a \u201cChristian nation,\u201d that the U.S. should be a Christian nation today, and that the Bible should have more influence over U.S. laws than the will of the people if the two conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But these sentiments also are commonplace among other Christian groups \u2013 and by no means exclusive to White evangelicals. For example, half of Black Protestants say the Bible should have more influence on U.S. laws than the will of the people if the two conflict. About half of White Protestants who are not evangelical say the U.S. should be a Christian nation. And roughly six-in-ten Catholics say they believe the founders originally intended for America to be a Christian nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps not surprisingly, the view that the U.S. should be a Christian nation is far less common among non-Christians than among Christians, as is the view that the founders originally intended for the U.S. to be a Christian nation (though 44% of non-Christians express the latter view). But non-Christians are <em>more<\/em> likely than Christians to say they currently see the U.S. as a Christian nation (40% vs. 30%).[2. Muslims, Hindus and other smaller religious groups are included in the survey and represented in the \u201call non-Christians\u201d category, but there were <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/08\/08\/why-pew-research-center-typically-cant-report-the-views-of-smaller-u-s-religious-groups\/\">not enough respondents in these groups<\/a> to analyze separately.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three-quarters of Republicans (76%) say the founders intended for the U.S. to be a Christian nation, compared with roughly half of Democrats (47%). Republicans also are at least twice as likely as Democrats to say that America should be a Christian nation (67% vs. 29%) and that the Bible should have more influence over U.S. laws than the will of the people if they conflict (40% vs. 16%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Americans of different ages also differ on these questions, with older Americans much more likely to express the desire for America to be a Christian nation. For example, 63% of Americans ages 65 and older say the United States should be a Christian nation, compared with 23% of those ages 18 to 29. <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2019\/10\/17\/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace\/\">Other studies<\/a> consistently find that older Americans are far more likely than younger ones to identify as Christians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"other-key-findings-include\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other key findings include:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A third of U.S. Christians say \u201cbeing patriotic\u201d is \u201cessential\u201d to what being Christian means to them, while four-in-ten say it is \u201cimportant, but not essential\u201d and roughly a quarter (27%) say being patriotic is \u201cnot important\u201d to what it means to be Christian. There are only modest differences among White evangelical Protestants, White Protestants who are not evangelical, and White Catholics on this question. Black Protestants and Hispanic Catholics are somewhat less inclined than their White counterparts to cite patriotism as an essential element of Christianity. Christians from all backgrounds are instead much more likely to rank believing in God, living a moral life and having a personal relationship with Jesus Christ as \u201cessential\u201d elements of Christianity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81456\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-013-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" height=\"476\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?w=640\" alt=\"Chart shows a third of U.S. Christians see patriotism as essential to their Christian identity; far more see belief in God, moral life, relationship with Jesus as essential\" class=\"wp-image-81456 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png 1280w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=300,223 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=768,571 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=1024,762 1024w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=545,405 545w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=200,149 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=260,193 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=310,231 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=420,312 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=640,476 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=740,550 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=160,119 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-013.png?resize=320,238 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-81460\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/pf_2022-10-27_christian-nationalism_00-014-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebebeb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebebeb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" height=\"301\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?w=310\" alt=\"Chart shows roughly four-in-ten U.S. adults say churches and religious organizations have too much political influence\" class=\"wp-image-81460 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=300,291 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=417,405 417w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=200,194 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=260,252 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=310,301 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=420,408 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=160,155 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_00-014.png?resize=320,311 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Roughly four-in-ten U.S. adults say churches and other religious organizations have too much influence in politics \u2013 on par with the share who said this in 2017, and slightly higher than the share who said it in 2019. Roughly one-third now say churches and religious organizations have about the right amount of sway in politics, while 22% say they do not have enough political influence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The survey suggests that more Americans see religion as a positive influence in American life than a negative one. Four-in-ten U.S. adults say religion\u2019s influence is declining and that this is a bad thing. Approximately one-in-ten say religion\u2019s influence is growing and that this is a good thing. Roughly half, then, express a positive view of religion in these questions. By contrast, about a quarter of U.S. adults express a negative view of religion by saying either that religion\u2019s influence is waning and that is a good thing, or that religion\u2019s influence is growing and that is a bad thing. (See <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/religion-in-public-life\/\">Chapter 1<\/a> for additional details.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"guide-to-this-report\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Guide to this report<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The remainder of this report describes these findings in additional detail. <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/religion-in-public-life\/\">Chapter 1<\/a> focuses on the public\u2019s perceptions of religion\u2019s role in public life. <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/religion-and-the-supreme-court\/\">Chapter 2<\/a> examines views of religion and the Supreme Court. And <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism\/\">Chapter 3<\/a> focuses on views of the U.S. as a \u201cChristian nation\u201d and perceptions of \u201cChristian nationalism.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>But they hold differing opinions about what that phrase means, and two-thirds of U.S. adults say churches should keep out of politics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"But they hold differing opinions about what that phrase means, and two-thirds of U.S. adults say churches should keep out of 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Religion in public life","slug":"religion-in-public-life","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/religion-in-public-life\/","is_active":false},{"id":70252,"title":"2. Religion and the Supreme Court","slug":"religion-and-the-supreme-court","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/religion-and-the-supreme-court\/","is_active":false},{"id":70246,"title":"3. Views of the U.S. as a \u2018Christian nation\u2019 and opinions about \u2018Christian nationalism\u2019","slug":"views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism\/","is_active":false},{"id":70248,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"christian-nationalism-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/christian-nationalism-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":70257,"title":"Methodology","slug":"christian-nationalism-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/christian-nationalism-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_xbj3lro5t","type":"topline","attachmentId":81411,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"key":"_cyys188x7","type":"report","attachmentId":81412,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/10\/PF_2022.10.27_christian-nationalism_REPORT.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"key":"_7i6g3dk8e","type":"promo","attachmentId":0,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/in-their-own-words-how-americans-describe-christian-nationalism\/","label":"In their own words: How Americans describe \u2018Christian nationalism\u2019","icon":""}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":70262,"title":"45% of Americans Say U.S. Should Be a \u2018Christian Nation\u2019","slug":"45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/45-of-americans-say-u-s-should-be-a-christian-nation\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},"next_post":{"id":70271,"title":"1. 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Religion and the Supreme Court","slug":"religion-and-the-supreme-court","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/religion-and-the-supreme-court\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":70246,"title":"3. Views of the U.S. as a \u2018Christian nation\u2019 and opinions about \u2018Christian nationalism\u2019","slug":"views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":70248,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"christian-nationalism-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/christian-nationalism-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":70257,"title":"Methodology","slug":"christian-nationalism-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/10\/27\/christian-nationalism-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"45% of Americans Say U.S. Should Be a \u2018Christian 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