{"id":63165,"date":"2012-04-04T00:00:31","date_gmt":"2012-04-04T05:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2012\/04\/04\/ii-identity-pan-ethnicity-and-race\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:11:48","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:11:48","slug":"ii-identity-pan-ethnicity-and-race","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2012\/04\/04\/ii-identity-pan-ethnicity-and-race\/","title":{"rendered":"II. Identity, Pan-Ethnicity and Race"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

It has been nearly four decades since the United States government mandated the use by federal agencies of the terms \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino\u201d to categorize Americans who trace their roots to Spanish-speaking countries, but the labels still haven\u2019t been fully embraced by the group to which they have been affixed.<\/p>\n\n

Only about one-quarter (24%) of Hispanic adults say they most often identify themselves by \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino,\u201d according to a new nationwide survey of Hispanic adults by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center. About half (51%) say they identify themselves most often by their family\u2019s country or place of origin\u2014using such terms as Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Salvadoran or Dominican. And 21% say they use the term \u201cAmerican\u201d most often to describe themselves. The share rises to 40% among those who were born in the U.S.<\/p>\n\n

When the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 94-311 in 1976 requiring that federal government agencies categorize and collect data on Hispanics, it was the first and only time in the nation\u2019s history that an ethnic group had been singled out in this manner (Rumbaut, 2006). Government agencies also collect data on whites, blacks and Asian-Americans, but unlike Hispanics they are all categorized by the U.S. Census Bureau as racial groups. Hispanics are categorized as an ethnic group\u2014meaning they share a common language, culture and heritage, but not a common race.<\/p>\n\n

However, the Pew Hispanic Center survey finds that the government\u2019s system of ethnic and racial labeling does not fit easily with Latinos\u2019 own sense of identity.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

For example, when asked which term they prefer, \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino,\u201d half (51%) say they have no preference for either term, while 33% say they prefer Hispanic and 14% say they prefer Latino.<\/p>\n\n

When asked whether Latinos in the U.S. share a common culture, just 29% of Latinos agree. Fully 69% say Latinos in the U.S. have many different cultures.<\/p>\n\n

And when asked to state their race in the Pew Hispanic survey, while a third (36%) call themselves white, a quarter (26%) say they are \u201csome other race\u201d and another quarter (25%) volunteer that they are \u201cHispanic or Latino\u201d (even though the U.S. government doesn\u2019t treat those labels as a race). Just 10% say their race is black, Asian or mixed race. By comparison, on the 2010 Census form, 53% of Hispanics checked white (see text box for more explanation about these categories).<\/p>\n\n

The survey also finds Hispanics are divided about the degree to which they feel a common identity with other Americans. Some 47% say they think of themselves as \u201ca typical American\u201d while an identical share say they think of themselves as \u201cvery different\u201d from a typical American. These responses vary sharply by immigrant status. Among foreign-born Hispanics, 34% think of themselves as a typical American; among the native born, 66% do.<\/p>\n\n

Hispanics are the nation\u2019s largest minority group. At more than 50 million strong, they make up 16% of the U.S. population now, and by some projections, that share will rise to nearly 30% by mid-century (Passel and Cohn, 2008<\/a>). Among Latinos ages 18 and older, some 52% are immigrants and 48% were born in the United States. Among Latinos of all ages, 63% are native born and 37% foreign born.<\/p>\n\n

Race, Ethnicity and the U.S. Census<\/h3>

Race <\/strong>and ethnicity <\/strong>are familiar ways to categorize groups of people, but they also can be a source of confusion. The federal government\u2019s definitions may differ from the way people describe themselves or how they think about these terms.<\/p>

In its classification system, the federal government recognizes just one ethnic group, Hispanic\/Latino, which it defines as follows: \u201cA person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.\u201d The term, \u2018Spanish origin,\u2019 can be used in addition to \u2018Hispanic or Latino.\u2019\u201d<\/p>

The government also classifies people according to five major racial groups\u2014white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander\u2014and any combination of races. It is based on people\u2019s origins from a particular region of the world.<\/p>

\"\"<\/figure>

When filling out census forms and other government documents, people are allowed to select their own ethnicity and race, or multiple races. Because Hispanics are classified as an ethnic group but not a race, they can face particular challenges.<\/p>

The 2010 U.S. Census form, for example, had two identity questions. The first asked if a person is \u201cof Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin.\u201d In its directions, the form explicitly notes that \u201cFor this census, Hispanic origins are not races.\u201d Next it asked the person\u2019s race and provided 15 possible boxes to check. None of the boxes is Hispanic or Latino or any of the Hispanic origins listed in the Hispanic origin question. One option, however, is \u201csome other race\u201d\u2014a default for people who do not identify with any of the other options.<\/p>

Results from the 2010 Census indicate that among self-identifying Hispanics, fully 37% selected \u201csome other race\u201d and an additional 6% selected two or more race boxes, one of which could be \u201csome other race.\u201d (A majority of Hispanics, 53%, selected white and 3% selected black.) By contrast, among non-Hispanics, less than 1% checked \u201csome other race\u201d and just 2% selected two or more race boxes (Humes, Jones and Ramirez, 2011<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n\n

Demography of Hispanic Identity<\/h3>\n\n

Latinos have many different ways to describe their identity\u2014including pan-ethnic terms like \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino,\u201d or the term \u201cAmerican,\u201d or terms that refer to their family\u2019s country of origin. Their choices vary among different Latino subgroups, with nativity and language usage the strongest predictors of identity preferences.<\/p>\n\n

Terms Used Most Often to Describe Identity<\/h4>\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Among first-generation (or immigrant) Hispanics, more than six-in-ten (62%) say they most often use their family\u2019s country of origin to describe themselves. Among second-generation Hispanics, the share using their family\u2019s country of origin falls to 43%. And among third-generation Hispanics, the share falls to just 28%\u2014less than half that seen among immigrant Hispanics.<\/p>\n\n

Not surprisingly, the use of the term \u201cAmerican\u201d increases in a mirror-image pattern. While just 8% of immigrant Hispanics most often call themselves American, that share rises to 35% among second-generation Hispanics and 48% among third-generation Hispanics.<\/p>\n\n

Use of the pan-ethnic terms \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino\u201d to describe identity also varies across generations, but the pattern is not as notable. Among immigrant Hispanics, 28% say they most often describe themselves as \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino.\u201d Among second-generation Hispanics, this share falls to 18%; among those in the third generation, it\u2019s 21%.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Across other subgroups of Hispanics, the less educated and Spanish dominant are more likely than the more educated and English dominant to use their family\u2019s country of origin to describe their identity. More than six-in-ten Spanish-dominant Hispanics (63%) say they most often use the name of their family\u2019s country of origin to describe themselves, and nearly as many Hispanics with less than a high school diploma (57%) say the same. By contrast, just 37% of the native born and one-third (33%) of the English dominant say they call themselves by the names of their ancestral countries.<\/p>\n\n

As noted earlier, use of the term \u201cAmerican\u201d mirrors that of country of origin, in reverse. While Spanish-dominant Hispanics are most likely to say they call themselves by their family\u2019s country of origin most often, just 4% say they most often describe themselves as American. Among Hispanics who have less than a high school diploma, only 10% say they most often use the term American. Meanwhile, 40% of native-born Latinos and 48% of English-dominant Latinos say they most often describe themselves as American.<\/p>\n\n

Use of \u201cHispanic\u201d or Latino\u201d is highest among Spanish-dominant Latinos (30%) and those with less than a high school diploma (also 30%). It is lowest among English-dominant Latinos at 16%.<\/p>\n\n

\u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino\u201d?<\/h4>\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

When asked if they prefer the term \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino,\u201d half of survey respondents (51%) say they have no preference for either term. A third (33%) say they prefer the term \u201cHispanic\u201d and fewer than half as many (14%) say they prefer the term \u201cLatino.\u201d<\/p>\n\n

Expressions of \u201cno preference\u201d for \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino\u201d are widespread. Pluralities of all subgroups say they have no preference for either term. Even so, there is variation on this point. Expression of \u201cno preference\u201d is highest among Latinos who have at least some college education (59%) and among English-dominant Latinos (58%). Meanwhile, expression of \u201cno preference\u201d is lowest among Spanish-dominant Latinos (47%) and those who have less than a high school education (44%).<\/p>\n\n

Among those who express a preference, the term \u201cHispanic\u201d is preferred over \u201cLatino\u201d by a large, often two-to-one, margin overall and for all subgroups.<\/p>\n\n

Hispanics and Racial Identification<\/h4>\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

When it comes to racial identification, many Hispanics\u2019 self-assessments do not fit into the racial classifications used by the U.S. Census Bureau and the federal government.<\/p>\n\n

Findings from the Pew Hispanic survey show that, when asked which term describes their race\u2014white, black, Asian or some other race\u201451% of Latinos say their race is either \u201csome other race\u201d (26%) or volunteer that their race is \u201cHispanic or Latino\u201d (25%). Meanwhile, one-third (36%) say their race is white and the remainder, 10%, identify their race as black, Asian or mixed race.<\/p>\n\n

These findings do not match those of the 2010 U.S. Census. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, when asked about their race, 37% of all Latinos identified their race as \u201csome other race\u201d and more than half (53%) identified their race as white (Humes, Jones and Ramirez, 2011<\/a>).[1. Findings from the Pew Hispanic Center\u2019s survey differ from those of the 2010 Census for two possible reasons. First, the Pew Hispanic survey\u2019s question about race is worded differently from that of the U.S. Census. In the Pew Hispanic survey, respondents are asked \u201cwhich of the following describes your race? You can select as many as apply: white, black or African-American, Asian or Asian-American or some other race?\u201d By contrast, the 2010 Census form asked respondents \u201cwhat is this person\u2019s race?\u201d offering 15 options. Among the options is the response \u201csome other race.\u201d Those who select \u201csome other race\u201d are asked to write in their race. (To date, the Census Bureau has not released a detailed tabulation of these write-in responses.) In the previous question, about Hispanic\/Latino\/Spanish origin ethnicity, an explicit direction is provided: \u201cFor this census, Hispanic origins are not races.\u201d Neither \u201cHispanic\u201d nor \u201cLatino\u201d or Hispanic origins is listed as a response option in the 2010 Census form\u2019s question about race.\nA second possible reason is the context in which the questions are asked. The race question in the Pew Hispanic survey was located toward the end of a 20-minute telephone interview that focused on Hispanics identity, the economic conditions facing Hispanics and Hispanic politics. In the 2010 Census, by contrast, the race question is preceded by a few demographic questions, including one question about Hispanic ethnicity.]<\/p>\n\n

The Pew Hispanic survey also finds that racial identification among Latinos varies by immigrant generation, with third-generation Latinos the most likely to identify as white. Among immigrant Latinos, 51% say their race is \u201csome other race\u201d (21%) or \u201cHispanic or Latino\u201d (31%)[2. Shares do not sum to total due to rounding.], 36% say their race is white and 9% say their race is black, Asian or mixed race.<\/p>\n\n

Among second-generation Latinos, a similar pattern is evident\u201455% say their race is either \u201csome other race\u201d (36%) or \u201cHispanic or Latino\u201d (20%)[3. Shares do not sum to total due to rounding.], followed by 30% who say their race is white. Among third-generation Hispanics, the share that identifies as white rises to 44% and the share that says \u201csome other race\u201d or \u201cHispanic or Latino\u201d falls to 43%.[4. Shares do not sum to total due to rounding.]<\/p>\n\n

A Typical American\u2014Or Not?<\/h4>\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

When asked whether they see themselves as a \u201ctypical American,\u201d Hispanics are evenly split\u201447% say they are \u201ca typical American\u201d and another 47% say they are \u201cvery different\u201d from a typical American.<\/p>\n\n

These responses vary sharply across demographic subgroups of Hispanics. Those who are more affluent, English dominant and U.S. born are most likely to call themselves a typical American. Among Hispanics who make more than $75,000 a year, 70% say they see themselves as a typical American. Among third-generation Hispanics, 69% say the same, as do two-thirds (66%) of English-dominant Hispanics and two-thirds of native-born Hispanics (66%).<\/p>\n\n

By contrast, just 31% of Hispanics who are Spanish dominant, 34% of foreign-born Hispanics and 36% of Hispanics with less than a high school education say they are a typical American. Among these same three groups, majorities say they are \u201cvery different from the typical American.\u201d<\/p>\n\n

Shared Hispanic Culture among U.S. Hispanics\u2014Or Not?<\/h4>\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

By a margin of more than two-to-one across nearly all major demographic subgroups of Hispanics, more say U.S. Hispanics have many different cultures than say they share a common culture.<\/p>\n\n

For example, among college-educated Hispanics, 74% say U.S. Hispanics have many different cultures, while just 25% say they share a common culture. Results are similar among the foreign born (71% versus 27%), the Spanish dominant (70% versus 28%) and Mexican-origin Hispanics (67% versus 30%). Even among those who are U.S. born with U.S.-born parents, nearly twice as many say U.S. Hispanics have many different cultures as say they share a common culture\u201462% versus 36%.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It has been nearly four decades since the United States government mandated the use by federal agencies of the terms \u201cHispanic\u201d or \u201cLatino\u201d to categorize Americans who trace their roots to Spanish-speaking countries, but the labels still haven\u2019t been fully embraced by the group to which they have been affixed. Only about one-quarter (24%) of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[2171,818,929,980],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[523],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-63165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-gabriel-velasco","bylines-jessica-martinez","bylines-mark-hugo-lopez","bylines-paul-taylor","formats-report","research-teams-race-and-ethnicity"],"label":false,"post_parent":63149,"word_count":2153,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2012\/04\/04\/ii-identity-pan-ethnicity-and-race\/","art_direction":false,"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":63149,"title":"When Labels Don\u2019t Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity","slug":"when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2012\/04\/04\/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity\/","is_active":false},{"id":63165,"title":"II. 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