{"id":48910,"date":"2014-06-12T00:01:59","date_gmt":"2014-06-12T05:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/"},"modified":"2025-01-29T14:04:18","modified_gmt":"2025-01-29T19:04:18","slug":"section-5-political-engagement-and-activism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/","title":{"rendered":"Section 5: Political Engagement and Activism"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure><a href='https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png'><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium not-transparent\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png 616w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=300,119 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=160,64 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=200,80 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=260,103 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=310,123 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=420,167 420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_20054914\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20054914\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/pp-2014-06-12-polarization-5-01\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20054914\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-20054914 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-5-01.png\" alt=\"The \u2018U-Shape\u2019 of Political Activism; Higher at Ideological Extremes, Lower in Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"415\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20054914\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailed Tables: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/political-contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Political Contributions<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/amount-of-contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amount of Contributions<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Political engagement can take on many different forms, including voting, contributing money to a candidate or political group, working or volunteering for a campaign, attending a campaign event or contacting an elected official. But on every measure of engagement, political participation is strongly related to ideology and partisan antipathy; those who hold consistently liberal or conservative views, and who hold strongly negative views of the other political party, are far more likely to participate in the political process than the rest of the nation.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This results in a consistent \u201cU-shaped\u201d pattern, with higher levels of engagement on the right and left of the ideological spectrum, and lower levels in the center. But the shape of the curve varies across different types of participation. For example, when it comes to voting, the peak is much higher on the right than on the left: 78% of those who are consistently conservative say they always vote, compared with 58% of consistent liberals. But on both sides, the propensity to vote falls among those whose ideological views are more mixed. At the center, just 39% of those who hold a mix of liberal and conservative values describe themselves as regular voters. That is half the rate of consistent conservatives.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it comes to who makes political donations, these disparities are even more pronounced. Nationwide, 15% of adults report having made a donation to a candidate running for public office or to a group working to elect a candidate in the last two years. But donation rates are roughly double the national average among ideologically consistent liberals (31% have donated money) and conservatives (26%). Just 8% of those with mixed ideological views have donated to a candidate or campaign in the past two years.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fact that the peak donation rate is slightly higher on the left than on the right might be surprising, but this includes more small donations from liberals than conservatives. Just 4% of Americans say their contributions in the past two years have added up to $250 or more, including a roughly equal number of consistent liberals (7%) and consistent conservatives (8%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regardless of the amount, there is an ideological skew in campaign donations: Put together, people on the ideological right and left are considerably more likely than those who are ideologically mixed to have made a campaign donation in the past two years (29% vs. 8%) or to have donated $250 or more (7% vs. 2%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This pattern is also evident across other types of political engagement, including contacting an elected official, attending a campaign event, and working or volunteering for a candidate or campaign. In each instance, people at the ideological left and right are more than twice as likely to be active participants in the political process compared with those who hold a roughly equal mix of liberal and conservative values.<\/p>\n\n<figure><a href='https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png'><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium not-transparent\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png 616w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=300,119 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=160,64 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=200,80 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=260,103 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=310,123 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/08\/About-the-Surveys-Libertarians.png?resize=420,167 420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f1\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_20054915\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20054915\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/pp-2014-06-12-polarization-5-02\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20054915\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-20054915 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-5-02.png\" alt=\"Political Activism on the Left and the Right\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20054915\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailed Table: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/political-engagement-table\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Political Activism<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be sure, there are many factors that correlate strongly with voting, engagement and political activism: Age, education and income are among the most prominent. Yet even after controlling for these and other demographic factors known to be associated with higher levels of participation, the relationship between ideological consistency and engagement persists.<\/p>\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;partisan-antipathy-and-political-engagement&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"partisan-antipathy-and-political-engagement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Partisan Antipathy and Political Engagement<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The current political landscape is marked not just by increased <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-1-growing-ideological-consistency\/\">ideological uniformity<\/a>, but also by growing <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-2-growing-partisan-antipathy\/\">political animosity<\/a>, as partisans see the other side in starkly negative terms. Today, nearly all Democrats and Republicans \u2013 including those who only lean toward one or the other political party \u2013 view the other party unfavorably, with a steep increase in the share with <em>very<\/em> unfavorable views.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/6-11-participation-by-view-of-other-party\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20055293\"><img data-dominant-color=\"edeaea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #edeaea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"499\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/6-11-Participation-by-view-of-other-party.png?resize=480,374 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/6-11-Participation-by-view-of-other-party.png?resize=640,499 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-65970 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/6-11-Participation-by-view-of-other-party.png\" alt=\"Partisan Animosity and Political Participation\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Holding a strongly negative view of one\u2019s political adversaries is also a substantial factor driving political engagement. Among both Republicans and Democrats, those who see the other side in very unfavorable terms are significantly more likely to be regular voters, to make campaign donations, and to participate in the political process in other ways.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, among Republicans, 68% of those who have a very negative view of the Democratic Party say they always vote, compared with only half of those with a mostly negative opinion. Republicans who strongly dislike the Democratic Party are much more likely to have made a political donation in the past two years (23% vs. 12%), to have contacted an elected official (42% vs. 30%), or to have volunteered or worked for a campaign (9% vs. 5%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same pattern holds among Democrats, though to a slightly lesser extent; 58% of Democrats who have a very unfavorable view of the Republican Party say they always vote, compared with 46% of those who have a mostly unfavorable view. And Democrats who strongly dislike the Republican Party are more likely to have made a political donation in the past two years (22% vs. 14%) to have attended a campaign event (20% vs. 14%) and to have volunteered or worked for a campaign (12% vs. 8%).<\/p>\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;polarization-and-the-primaries&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"polarization-and-the-primaries\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polarization and the Primaries<\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/pp-2014-06-12-polarization-5-04\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20054917\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ededeb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ededeb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"309\" height=\"376\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-5-04.png?resize=309,376 309w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-65958 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-5-04.png\" alt=\"Ideological Consistency and Primary Voting\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of these patterns hold when it comes to participating in party primaries as well. About four-in-ten (43%) Republicans who have a very unfavorable view of the Democratic Party say they always vote in primaries, compared with 27% of those with less negative views. The same is true on the Democratic side; those with deeply negative views are 12 points more likely to say they always participate in the primaries (33% vs. 21%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, most consistent conservatives (54%) say they always vote in primaries, higher than the 34% of consistent liberals who say the same. But both of these groups are far more likely to vote than are people with a roughly even mix of liberal and conservative views, just 18% of whom say they always vote in primaries.<\/p>\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ideology-and-antipathy-add-up&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"ideology-and-antipathy-add-up\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ideology and Antipathy Add Up<\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/pp-2014-06-12-polarization-5-05\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20054918\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebeae8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebeae8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"420\" height=\"423\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-5-05.png?resize=420,423 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-65961 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-5-05.png\" alt=\"Voting Rates Highest Among the Most Polarized\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be sure, those who are ideologically consistent \u2013 on both ends of the spectrum \u2013 tend to have a deeper dislike of the opposing party than those who are less ideological. But even after controlling for ideology, antipathy toward the other party remains a strong predictor of participation in political activities. And those who are both ideologically consistent and have a very negative view of the other party are even more likely to be engaged. Fully 83% of Republicans in this category say they always vote, compared with 70% of consistently conservative Republicans who say they have a mostly unfavorable view of the Democratic Party. Democrats who are consistently liberal and have a very negative opinion of the Republican Party are 19 percentage points more likely to say they always vote than consistently liberal Democrats who have a less negative view of the GOP.<\/p>\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;more-politically-engaged-but-not-a-majority&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"more-politically-engaged-but-not-a-majority\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">More Politically Engaged, But Not a Majority<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because political participation and activism are so much higher among the more ideologically polarized elements of the population, these voices are over-represented in the political process. Even so, they do not make up the majority of voters, donors or campaign activists.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nationwide, 21% are either consistently liberal or consistently conservative in their political values. But these people make up a larger share of the electorate \u2013 28% of people who say they always vote and 34% of those who always vote in primaries.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This pattern is even stronger at higher levels of activism. Consistent liberals and conservatives make up 41% of the people who have made a campaign donation over the past two years \u2013 double their presence in the public at large.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/6-11-ideology-by-engagment\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20055289\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ede9de\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ede9de;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"509\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/6-11-Ideology-by-Engagment.png?resize=480,382 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/6-11-Ideology-by-Engagment.png?resize=640,509 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-65966 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/6-11-Ideology-by-Engagment.png\" alt=\"Despite Higher Engagement, Ideological Left &amp; Right a Minority of Voters, Activists\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet even here, those with ideological viewpoints are not the only participants in the process, as most campaign donors express mixed views or only mostly liberal or conservative views.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, while the left and the right may speak louder in the political process, they do not necessarily drown out other elements of the public entirely. And this may be one reason why, even in lower-turnout primaries, the more ideological candidates do not always carry the day.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Political engagement can take on many different forms, including voting, contributing money to a candidate or political group, working or volunteering for a campaign, attending a campaign event or contacting an elected official. But on every measure of engagement, political participation is strongly related to ideology and partisan antipathy; those who hold consistently liberal or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":131,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[1240],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[520],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-48910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","datasets-2014-political-polarization-survey","formats-report","research-teams-politics"],"label":false,"post_parent":48880,"word_count":1262,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":66114,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":66114,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":66114,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":66114,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":66114,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png?w=640&h=405&crop=1","width":640,"height":405,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":66114,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2014\/06\/PP-2014-06-12-polarization-1-01.png?w=640&h=410&crop=1","width":640,"height":410,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":48880,"title":"Political Polarization in the American Public","slug":"political-polarization-in-the-american-public","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/political-polarization-in-the-american-public\/","is_active":false},{"id":48991,"title":"Section 1: Growing Ideological Consistency","slug":"section-1-growing-ideological-consistency","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-1-growing-ideological-consistency\/","is_active":false},{"id":48892,"title":"Section 2: Growing Partisan Antipathy","slug":"section-2-growing-partisan-antipathy","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-2-growing-partisan-antipathy\/","is_active":false},{"id":48891,"title":"Section 3: Political Polarization and Personal Life","slug":"section-3-political-polarization-and-personal-life","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-3-political-polarization-and-personal-life\/","is_active":false},{"id":48870,"title":"Section 4: Political Compromise and Divisive Policy Debates","slug":"section-4-political-compromise-and-divisive-policy-debates","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-4-political-compromise-and-divisive-policy-debates\/","is_active":false},{"id":48910,"title":"Section 5: Political Engagement and Activism","slug":"section-5-political-engagement-and-activism","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/section-5-political-engagement-and-activism\/","is_active":true},{"id":48830,"title":"For Further Reading","slug":"for-further-reading","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/for-further-reading\/","is_active":false},{"id":48920,"title":"Appendix A: The Ideological Consistency Scale","slug":"appendix-a-the-ideological-consistency-scale","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/appendix-a-the-ideological-consistency-scale\/","is_active":false},{"id":48899,"title":"Appendix B: Why We Include Leaners With Partisans","slug":"appendix-b-why-we-include-leaners-with-partisans","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/appendix-b-why-we-include-leaners-with-partisans\/","is_active":false},{"id":48926,"title":"About the Surveys","slug":"about-the-surveys-25","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/about-the-surveys-25\/","is_active":false},{"id":48922,"title":"Key Shareable 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