{"id":47232,"date":"2020-10-09T00:00:40","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix\/"},"modified":"2024-08-15T15:34:45","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T19:34:45","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;categorization-of-battleground-states-in-this-report&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"categorization-of-battleground-states-in-this-report\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Categorization of battleground states in this report<\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/?attachment_id=20076259\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20076259\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20076259\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_A-01.png\" alt=\"Categorization of battleground states\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To identify battleground states for the November presidential election, researchers consulted several experts\u2019 forecasts (including <a href=\"http:\/\/crystalball.centerforpolitics.org\/crystalball\/2020-president\/\">Larry Sabato\u2019s Crystal Ball<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/cookpolitical.com\/analysis\/national\">Cook Political Report<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/insideelections.com\/ratings\/president\">Inside Elections<\/a> and Nate Cohn\u2019s New York Times ratings) to come up with a categorization of each state as either likely to back the Democrat (blue\/lean blue), likely to back the Republican (red\/lean Red), or a \u201cbattleground state.\u201d The specific states in each category can be found in the accompanying table.<\/p>\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;validated-vote-measures&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"validated-vote-measures\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Validated vote measures<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2016 validated voters:<\/strong>\nMeasures of 2016 turnout and vote choice rely on panelists\u2019 responses to questions about voter turnout and candidate preference on American Trends Panel surveys conducted between Nov. 29-Dec. 12, 2016, Aug. 20\u2013Oct. 28, 2018, and Aug. 3-16, 2020. Self-reported vote choice collected immediately after the election was used for panelists recruited prior to the 2016 election. For panelists recruited after the 2016 election and during the 2017 and 2018 panel recruitments,[1. Panel recruitments are detailed in the methodology statement.] a retrospective vote choice measure was collected in 2018. For panelists recruited after the 2016 election and during the 2019 and 2020 panel recruitments, a retrospective vote choice measure was collected in 2020.[2. The set of panelists for whom we have contemporaneous vote choice information were also asked the retrospective measure in 2018 and 2020. Comparing the responses to these three questions \u2013 measured about two years apart \u2013 revealed a great deal of stability in individual responses.] <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Panelists\u2019 turnout in 2016 was verified by matching the panelists to commercial voter file databases, which collect official state voting records. Researchers attempted to match panelists who completed the 2016 survey to five commercial voter file databases (see <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/2018\/02\/15\/commercial-voter-files-and-the-study-of-u-s-politics\/\">this report<\/a> for a detailed discussion of how this was accomplished); panelists recruited after 2016 were matched to two commercial voter file databases. Panelists who were verified as having voted in at least one of the commercial voter databases were considered to be validated voters.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2018 validated voters:<\/strong>\nMeasures of 2018 turnout and vote choice rely on panelists\u2019 responses to questions about voter turnout and candidate preference on ATP surveys conducted between Nov. 7-16, 2018 and Aug. 3-16, 2020. Self-reported vote choice collected immediately after the election was used for panelists recruited prior to the 2018 election. For panelists recruited after the 2018 election, a retrospective vote choice measure was collected in 2020.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Panelists were matched to two commercial voter file databases. Panelists who were verified as having voted in at least one of the commercial voter file databases were considered to be validated voters.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Categorization of battleground states in this report To identify battleground states for the November presidential election, researchers consulted several experts\u2019 forecasts (including Larry Sabato\u2019s Crystal Ball, the Cook Political Report, Inside Elections and Nate Cohn\u2019s New York Times ratings) to come up with a categorization of each state as either likely to back the Democrat [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":377,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[381,68,40,383,38],"tags":[],"bylines":[935,729,905,989,769,838,964,718,672],"collection":[],"datasets":[1121],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[520],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-47232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-covid-19-politics","category-donald-trump","category-election-2020","category-joe-biden","category-political-issues","bylines-amina-dunn","bylines-andrew-daniller","bylines-bradley-jones","bylines-carroll-doherty","bylines-hannah-gilberstadt","bylines-hannah-hartig","bylines-jocelyn-kiley","bylines-ted-van-green","bylines-vianney-gomez","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-75","formats-report","research-teams-politics"],"label":false,"post_parent":47339,"word_count":401,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":59366,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":59366,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":59366,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":59366,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":59366,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":59366,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_election-and-voter-attitudes_featured-jpg.webp?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":47339,"title":"Amid Campaign Turmoil, Biden Holds Wide Leads on Coronavirus, Unifying the Country","slug":"amid-campaign-turmoil-biden-holds-wide-leads-on-coronavirus-unifying-the-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/amid-campaign-turmoil-biden-holds-wide-leads-on-coronavirus-unifying-the-country\/","is_active":false},{"id":47327,"title":"1. The Trump-Biden presidential contest","slug":"the-trump-biden-presidential-contest","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/the-trump-biden-presidential-contest\/","is_active":false},{"id":47313,"title":"2. Voters\u2019 feelings about the election and possible outcomes","slug":"voters-feelings-about-the-election-and-possible-outcomes","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/voters-feelings-about-the-election-and-possible-outcomes\/","is_active":false},{"id":47302,"title":"3. Perceptions of Trump and Biden","slug":"perceptions-of-donald-trump-and-joe-biden","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/perceptions-of-donald-trump-and-joe-biden\/","is_active":false},{"id":47286,"title":"4. Voter engagement and interest, voting by mail and in person","slug":"voter-engagement-and-interest-voting-by-mail-and-in-person","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/voter-engagement-and-interest-voting-by-mail-and-in-person\/","is_active":false},{"id":47273,"title":"5. Views of the state of the nation and the U.S. economy","slug":"views-of-the-state-of-the-nation-and-the-u-s-economy","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/views-of-the-state-of-the-nation-and-the-u-s-economy\/","is_active":false},{"id":47258,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":47232,"title":"Appendix","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix\/","is_active":true},{"id":47243,"title":"Methodology","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"921918af-7aaf-4c25-b3b9-2608d3021744","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.08_Election-and-Voter-Attitudes_FINAL.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"key":"8a068781-82c3-4af8-b2c7-934c38783ac4","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2020\/10\/PP_2020.10.09_Election-and-Voter-Attitudes_TOPLINE.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"key":"9475f8e8-0822-4226-a724-af09dd335d98","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1cZURJuAP8P5rwmIRqX1Qk2QjXRHN4SeRbd-s51LbxH4\/edit?usp=sharing","label":"Detailed Tables","icon":"detailed-tables","attachmentId":""},{"type":"dataset","id":1121,"label":"American Trends Panel Wave 75","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/american-trends-panel-wave-75\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":47232,"title":"Appendix","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix\/","is_active":true,"page_num":8},"next_post":{"id":47243,"title":"Methodology","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},"previous_post":{"id":47258,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},"pagination_items":[{"id":47339,"title":"Amid Campaign Turmoil, Biden Holds Wide Leads on Coronavirus, Unifying the Country","slug":"amid-campaign-turmoil-biden-holds-wide-leads-on-coronavirus-unifying-the-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/amid-campaign-turmoil-biden-holds-wide-leads-on-coronavirus-unifying-the-country\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":47327,"title":"1. The Trump-Biden presidential contest","slug":"the-trump-biden-presidential-contest","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/the-trump-biden-presidential-contest\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":47313,"title":"2. Voters\u2019 feelings about the election and possible outcomes","slug":"voters-feelings-about-the-election-and-possible-outcomes","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/voters-feelings-about-the-election-and-possible-outcomes\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":47302,"title":"3. Perceptions of Trump and Biden","slug":"perceptions-of-donald-trump-and-joe-biden","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/perceptions-of-donald-trump-and-joe-biden\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":47286,"title":"4. Voter engagement and interest, voting by mail and in person","slug":"voter-engagement-and-interest-voting-by-mail-and-in-person","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/voter-engagement-and-interest-voting-by-mail-and-in-person\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":47273,"title":"5. Views of the state of the nation and the U.S. economy","slug":"views-of-the-state-of-the-nation-and-the-u-s-economy","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/views-of-the-state-of-the-nation-and-the-u-s-economy\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":47258,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":47232,"title":"Appendix","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-appendix\/","is_active":true,"page_num":8},{"id":47243,"title":"Methodology","slug":"election-and-voter-attitudes-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/10\/09\/election-and-voter-attitudes-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Amid Campaign Turmoil, Biden Holds Wide Leads on Coronavirus, Unifying the Country","parent_id":47339},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Appendix","description":"Categorization of battleground states in this report To identify battleground states for the November presidential election, researchers consulted several experts\u2019 forecasts (including Larry Sabato\u2019s Crystal Ball, the Cook Political Report,&hellip;","og_title":"Appendix","og_description":"","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":{"category":40},"custom_schema":[],"og_image":59366,"indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{"prc-image-alt-text":{"status":"complete","message":"All images have alt text.","data":null},"prc-about-this-research":{"status":"incomplete","message":"Add an \"About this research\" details block.","data":null},"prc-paragraph-count":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 5 paragraphs.","data":{"count":5}},"prc-internal-link":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 2 internal links.","data":{"count":2}}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[],"bylinesOrdered":[],"acknowledgementsOrdered":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/377"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47232"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":169869,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47232\/revisions\/169869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"bylines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bylines?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"collection","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collection?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"datasets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/datasets?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"level_of_effort","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/level_of_effort?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"primary_audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/primary_audience?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"information_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/information_type?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"_post_visibility","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_post_visibility?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/formats?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"_fund_pool","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_fund_pool?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/languages?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"regions-countries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/regions-countries?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"research-teams","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-teams?post=47232"},{"taxonomy":"workflow-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow-status?post=47232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}