{"id":46608,"date":"2022-06-06T13:56:23","date_gmt":"2022-06-06T18:56:23","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:55:54","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:55:54","slug":"americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/","title":{"rendered":"Americans\u2019 Views of Government: Decades of Distrust, Enduring Support for Its Role"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-prc-block-subtitle\" aria-level=\"2\">65% say most political candidates run for office &#8216;to serve their own personal interests&#8217;<\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this study to better understand Americans\u2019 attitudes about U.S. government. For this analysis, we surveyed 5,074 U.S. adults in April and May 2022. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center\u2019s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/our-methods\/u-s-surveys\/the-american-trends-panel\/\">Read more about the ATP\u2019s methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_TOPLINE.pdf\">questions used for the report<\/a>, along with responses, and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/views-of-government-methodology\">its methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Americans remain deeply distrustful of and dissatisfied with their government. Just 20% say they trust the government in Washington to do the right thing just about always or most of the time \u2013 a sentiment that has changed very little since former President George W. Bush\u2019s second term in office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-58664\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/pp_2022-06-06_views-of-government_00-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-01.png?resize=480,735 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-01.png?resize=620,950 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"475\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-01.png?w=310\" alt=\"Chart shows low public trust in federal government has persisted for nearly two decades\" class=\"wp-image-58664 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The public\u2019s criticisms of the federal government are many and varied. Some are familiar: Just 6% say the phrase \u201ccareful with taxpayer money\u201d describes the federal government extremely or very well; another 21% say this describes the government somewhat well. A comparably small share (only 8%) describes the government as being responsive to the needs of ordinary Americans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The federal government gets mixed ratings for its handling of specific issues. Evaluations are highly positive in some respects, including for responding to natural disasters (70% say the government does a good job of this) and keeping the country safe from terrorism (68%). However, only about a quarter of Americans say the government has done a good job managing the immigration system and helping people get out of poverty (24% each). And the share giving the government a positive rating for strengthening the economy has declined 17 percentage points since 2020, from 54% to 37%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet Americans\u2019 unhappiness with government has long coexisted with their continued support for government having a substantial role in many realms. And when asked how much the federal government does to address the concerns of various groups in the United States, there is a widespread belief that it does <em>too little <\/em>on issues affecting many of the groups asked about, including middle-income people (69%), those with lower incomes (66%) and retired people (65%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-58661\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/pp_2022-06-06_views-of-government_00-02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeebe5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeebe5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-02.png?resize=480,683 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-02.png?resize=782,1113 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-02.png?resize=840,1196 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"598\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-02.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows majorities of Americans say federal government does too little to address issues affecting several groups, including lower- and middle-income people, retirees\" class=\"wp-image-58661 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among 11 groups included in the survey, the only group about which a majority of adults (61%) say the government does too much for are high-income people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Republicans and Democrats generally agree that the government does too little regarding issues of concern for several groups, including retirees, rural residents, suburbanites and middle-income people. And nearly identical shares of both Republicans and independents who lean toward the Republican Party (52%) and Democrats and Democratic leaners (56%) say it does too little on issues affecting \u201cpeople like you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, Democrats are more likely than Republicans to say the government does too little on issues impacting children (63% of Democrats vs. 44% of Republicans) and parents (49% vs. 41%). And while 43% of Democrats say the federal government does too little on issues affecting people in cities, just 27% of Republicans say the same. Democrats (79%) also are considerably more likely than Republicans (50%) to say the government does too little to address issues facing lower-income people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-58658\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/pp_2022-06-06_views-of-government_00-03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e5ddc0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e5ddc0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-03.png?resize=480,980 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-03.png?resize=620,1266 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"633\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-03.png?w=310\" alt=\"Chart shows broad public support for the federal government having a \u2018major role\u2019 in many different areas\" class=\"wp-image-58658 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The public\u2019s attitudes on the overall size and scope of government \u2013 and whether the government should have a \u201cmajor role\u201d in specific issue areas \u2013 have changed little in recent years. Clear majorities of Americans (60% or more) say the government should have a major role in 11 of 12 issue domains included in the new survey \u2013 including terrorism, immigration and the economy, as well as ensuring access to health care and protecting the environment. The only exception is for helping people out of poverty (52% say it should have a major role).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Republicans are less likely than Democrats to favor a major role for government in most areas; this is especially \u2013 and increasingly \u2013 the case for alleviating poverty. Still, majorities of Republicans favor a major role for government in eight of the 12 areas. Majorities of Democrats say the government should have a major role in all 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are among the findings from a new Pew Research Center survey conducted April 25-May 1, 2022, among 5,074 U.S. adults on the Center\u2019s nationally representative Americans Trends Panel. The study builds upon the Center\u2019s previous reports about the government\u2019s role and performance, most recently published in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2020\/09\/14\/americans-views-of-government-low-trust-but-some-positive-performance-ratings\/\">2020<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2017\/12\/14\/government-gets-lower-ratings-for-handling-health-care-environment-disaster-response\/\">2017<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As in the past, state and local governments are viewed more favorably than the federal government. Yet amid controversies over state policies on issues ranging from abortion to the textbooks used in public schools, the relationship between the federal government and state governments has raised a number of differing concerns among the public. (Note: This survey was conducted before the leak of a draft opinion from the Supreme Court indicating that the court is likely to overturn the Roe v. Wade decision, which guarantees access to abortion. For more on public attitudes toward abortion, see \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/05\/06\/americas-abortion-quandary\/\">America\u2019s Abortion Quandary<\/a>\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-58652\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/pp_2022-06-06_views-of-government_00-04-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8e5de\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8e5de;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-04.png?resize=480,398 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-04.png?resize=782,648 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-04.png?resize=840,696 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"348\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-04.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows prior to leak of Supreme Court\u2019s draft abortion opinion, Democrats expressed greater concern than Republicans that people\u2019s rights could vary by state\" class=\"wp-image-58652 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About a third of Americans (34%) are extremely or very concerned that the federal government is doing too much on issues better left to state governments; another 35% are somewhat concerned about this. An identical share expresses an entirely different concern \u2013 that state governments are not willing enough to work with the federal government (34% say they are extremely or very concerned about this).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Republicans (54%) are far more likely than Democrats (18%) to say they are extremely or very concerned that the federal government is doing too much on issues better left to the states. Democrats are more likely to say they are extremely or very concerned about states being uncooperative with the federal government (48% vs. 18%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, about half of Democrats (53%) say they are extremely or very concerned that an individual\u2019s rights and protections may vary depending on the state in which they live. By contrast, a smaller share of Republicans (33%) have a similar level of concern that a person\u2019s rights may vary by state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;other-important-findings&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"other-important-findings\">Other important findings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Low trust in government among members of both parties.<\/strong> As in the past, trust in government is higher among the party of the president than among the \u201cout\u201d party; still, only 29% of Democrats and just 9% of Republicans say they trust the government just about always or most of the time. The share of Republicans expressing trust in the federal government is currently as low as it has been at any point in the last 60 years; levels of trust among Democrats reached historic lows during George W. Bush\u2019s and Donald Trump\u2019s presidencies. (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/public-trust-in-government-1958-2022\/\">For more, see this interactive on public trust in government, 1958-2022.<\/a><\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In their own words \u2013 how people feel about government performance.<\/strong> When asked to name, in their own words, areas where the federal government is doing a <em>bad j<\/em>ob, people cite a number of issues, including taxes and spending, immigration (with some specifically citing the situation at the U.S.-Mexico border) and social welfare programs. When asked about where the government is doing a <em>good<\/em> job, people also cite multiple issues; national security and foreign policy are mentioned most often.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-58649\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/pp_2022-06-06_views-of-government_00-05-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeeae0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeeae0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-05.png?resize=480,351 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-05.png?resize=782,572 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-05.png?resize=840,614 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"307\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-05.png?w=420\" alt=\"Chart shows sharp partisan divide on whether it is government\u2019s job \u2018to protect people from themselves\u2019\" class=\"wp-image-58649 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Most say laws are needed to protect people from themselves. Republicans and Democrats have fundamental differences of opinion about the government\u2019s role in protecting Americans.<\/strong> Among the public overall, 59% say that sometimes laws are needed to protect people from themselves; 39% say it is not the government\u2019s job to protect people from themselves. A 61% majority of Republicans say it\u2019s not the government\u2019s job to protect people from themselves; an even larger majority of Democrats (77%) say laws are sometime needed for that purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-58647\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2022\/06\/06\/americans-views-of-government-decades-of-distrust-enduring-support-for-its-role\/pp_2022-06-06_views-of-government_00-06-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efeee9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efeee9;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-06.png?resize=400,846 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"423\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2022\/06\/PP_2022.06.06_views-of-government_00-06.png?w=200\" alt=\"Chart shows more confidence in career govt. workers than in political appointees\" class=\"wp-image-58647 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Declining confidence in career government employees.<\/strong> A larger share of adults say they have a great deal or fair amount of confidence in career employees at federal agencies (52%) than in officials appointed by the president to oversee agencies (39%). However, the share expressing confidence in career employees has declined 9 points since 2018; there has been less change in confidence in political appointees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Political candidates seen as motivated by <em>their own<\/em> interests, less by serving their communities.<\/strong> As the 2022 political campaigns heat up, 65% of adults \u2013 including nearly identical shares in both parties \u2013 say that all (15%) or most people (50%) who seek office at the local, state or federal level do so to serve their own personal interests. By contrast, just 21% say all or most people who run for office do so in order to serve their communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Most Americans have at least some confidence in nation\u2019s future.<\/strong> Only about a quarter of adults (24%) say they are satisfied with the current state of the nation, and the public views a number of problems \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/pewrsr.ch\/3N9kIJF\">especially inflation<\/a> \u2013 as serious. Yet a majority of Americans continue to say they have a lot (17%) or some (51%) confidence in the future of the United States. These views have changed little since 2021.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>65% say most political candidates run for office \u201cto serve their own personal interests.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"65% say most political candidates run for office 'to serve their own personal interests'","sub_title":"65% say most political candidates run for office 'to serve their own personal interests'","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[{"key":"_h0k58damc","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/science\/2022\/02\/15\/americans-trust-in-scientists-other-groups-declines\/","postId":406198,"title":"Americans\u2019 Trust in Scientists, Other Groups Declines","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/science\/2022\/02\/15\/americans-trust-in-scientists-other-groups-declines\/","date":"2022-02-15 09:55:40","label":"Report"},{"key":"_kl8x4rb0l","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2022\/01\/05\/trust-in-america-do-americans-trust-their-elections\/","postId":404564,"title":"Trust in America: Do Americans trust their elections?","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2022\/01\/05\/trust-in-america-do-americans-trust-their-elections\/","date":"2022-01-05 09:52:56","label":"Video"},{"key":"_8eysj8tyr","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2021\/11\/09\/beyond-red-vs-blue-the-political-typology-2\/","postId":402398,"title":"Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology","permalink":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2021\/11\/09\/beyond-red-vs-blue-the-political-typology-2\/","date":"2021-11-09 13:49:38","label":"Report"},{"key":"_z912nxbr6","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/politics\/2021\/05\/17\/americans-see-broad-responsibilities-for-government-little-change-since-2019\/","postId":393527,"title":"Americans See Broad Responsibilities for Government; 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