Some, but not all, of our international analyses and reports use demographic variables or categorizations based on external data. We explain these more below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ideology<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
We analyze respondents\u2019 attitudes based on where they place themselves on an ideological scale. We asked about political ideology using several slightly different scales and categorized people as being on the ideological left, center or right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- In most countries, we asked people to place themselves on a scale ranging from \u201cExtreme left\u201d to \u201cExtreme right.\u201d The question was asked this way in Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the U.K.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- In Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Thailand ideology was measured on a scale from \u201cExtremely progressive\u201d to \u201cExtremely conservative.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- In the U.S., ideology is defined as conservative (right), moderate (center) and liberal (left).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ideology was not asked about in Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka or the West Bank and East Jerusalem.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
To compare educational groups across countries, we standardize education levels based on the United Nations\u2019 International Standard Classification of Education<\/a> (ISCED).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
High- and middle-income countries<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Countries are classified as either high or middle income based on categories from the World Bank<\/a>\u00a0that rely on per capita gross national income. This is a classification we have used in other Pew Research Center analyses, including when looking at\u00a0global views of China<\/a>,\u00a0satisfaction with democracy<\/a>,\u00a0globalization<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0national identity<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The American Trends Panel survey methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Data in this report comes from Wave 187 and W195 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center\u2019s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The surveys were conducted from Feb. 17 to Feb. 23, 2026 and from June 22 to June 28, 2026. For W187, a total of 5,119 panelists responded out of 5,854 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 87%. For W195, a total of 3,488 panelists responded out of 4,069 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 86%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3% for both surveys. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is less than 1% for W187 and is 1% for W195. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 5,119 respondents in W187 is plus or minus 1.6 percentage points. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 3,488 respondents in W195 is plus or minus 1.8 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Both surveys include oversamples<\/a> of non-Hispanic Asian adults in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of this smaller demographic subgroup. These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=4,930) and live telephone (n=189) interviewing for W187. SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=3,362) and live telephone (n=126) interviewing for W195. Interviews for both surveys were conducted in both English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To learn more about the ATP, read \u201cAbout the American Trends Panel<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Panel recruitment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment. A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population.[1. AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. \u201cAAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling<\/a>.\u201d] Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.[2. Email pewsurveys@pewresearch.org<\/a>.] Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014. In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an \u201coversample\u201d) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups. For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sample design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States. It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which non-Hispanic Asian adults were selected with certainty. The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S. adult population to the greatest extent possible. Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Questionnaire development and testing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
The questionnaires were developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS. The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers. The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Incentives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com. \u00a0Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on the survey and whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Data collection protocol<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
The data collection field period for W187 was Feb. 17 to Feb. 23, 2026. The data collection field period for W195 was June 22 to June 28, 2026. Both surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For panelists who take surveys online:<\/strong>[3. The ATP does not use routers or chains in any part of its online data collection protocol, nor are they used to direct respondents to additional surveys.] Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset<\/a> on Feb. 17 for W187 and June 22 for W195.[4. Postcard notifications for web panelists are sent to 1) panelists who were recruited within the last two years and 2) panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.] Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For W187, sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Feb. 17. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Feb. 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_01.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nFor W195, sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on June 22. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on June 23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_02.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nPanelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to two SMS reminders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- W187:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on Feb. 13. Soft launch took place on Feb. 17 and involved dialing until a total of five interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- W195:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on June 18. Soft launch took place on June 22 and involved dialing until a total of 11 interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Data quality checks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, seven ATP respondents were removed from the W187 survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis, and two ATP respondents were removed from the W195 survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Weighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
The ATP data is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel. These weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition. If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_03.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nThe following tables shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_04.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_05.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nSample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dispositions and response rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_06.png?w=640\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_07.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_08.png?w=640\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/09\/pg_2026.09.17_global-views-of-ai_m_09.png?w=420\")
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- W195:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on June 18. Soft launch took place on June 22 and involved dialing until a total of 11 interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- W187:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on Feb. 13. Soft launch took place on Feb. 17 and involved dialing until a total of five interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n