{"id":41501,"date":"2011-06-27T00:01:43","date_gmt":"2011-06-27T05:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2011\/06\/27\/iv-the-households-and-demographics-of-30-to-44-year-olds\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T04:09:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T09:09:39","slug":"iv-the-households-and-demographics-of-30-to-44-year-olds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/iv-the-households-and-demographics-of-30-to-44-year-olds\/","title":{"rendered":"IV. The Households and demographics of 30- to 44-Year-olds"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The economic well-being of adults ages 30 to 44 is influenced not just by their own labor market characteristics and those of any partners, but also by the nature of their households.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The measure of economic well-being used in this analysis already takes account of differences in the size of the household, but the makeup of the household matters as well.\u00a0 The presence of children and other family members has important consequences for the amount of effort adults devote to the labor market and the number of earners in the household.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-01.png\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f2f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f2f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"359\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-01.png?resize=480,285 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-01.png?resize=605,359 605w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-55311 not-transparent\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-01.png\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Married adults of all education levels are the most likely to have one or more children in the household.\u00a0 In 2009 married adults were about equally likely to have one or more children in the household, whether the adults were college-educated (81%) or not (85%).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are sharp differences by educational attainment, however, in the share of cohabiting couples with children in the household. Only a third of college-educated cohabiters live with at least one child, compared with two-thirds of less-educated cohabiting adults.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cohabiters without college degrees are more likely to live with one or more children for at least two reasons.\u00a0 First, they are more likely than college-educated cohabiters to have been married in the past. Among cohabiters without college degrees, 43% had been married in the past; among those with college degrees, 32% had been.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Second, there are notable differences in the child-bearing patterns of college-educated and less educated women. Less-educated women tend to bear children at younger ages, are more likely to have children while unmarried and are less likely to end their child-bearing years without having had children.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, among 30- to 44-year-old women who gave birth in the past year, fewer than one-in-ten of college-educated women was unmarried, according to data from the 2008 American Community Survey. The shares were notably higher\u2014ranging from 21% to 34%\u2014for women with some college education, a high school diploma or no high school diploma. Births to unmarried women include births to women who are cohabiting; they accounted for 2.2% of births to college-educated women ages 30 to 44 and 6% to 7% of births to women in that age group without college degrees (Dye, 2010).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The presence of children in a household tends to have large economic ramifications.\u00a0 The table below reports the median adjusted household income of adults not residing with a child in the household versus residing in a household in which the adult is either a parent or the partner of a parent.\u00a0 Regardless of education or partnership status, adults living with children are much less well-off than comparably educated adults who are not living with children.\u00a0 For example, consider college-educated cohabiting adults.\u00a0 Those with no children in the household have a \u00a0median adjusted household income of $120,637.\u00a0 If one or both of the partners is a parent of a child in the household, their median adjusted household income is $78,808, about 35% lower than for a similar adult who is neither a parent nor the partner of a parent in the household.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-02.png\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"591\" height=\"401\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-02.png?resize=480,326 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-02.png?resize=591,401 591w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-55316 not-transparent\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/2011-cohabitation-04-02.png\" ><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The presence of children detracts from economic well-being because children require time and care; they likely lead to a reduction in hours devoted to paid work on the part of the parent or the partner of the parent. They also increase household size, but the measure of median adjusted household income accounts for differences in household size.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, a basic reason that cohabitation seems to economically benefit college-educated adults but yields much lower economic dividends for less-educated adults is due to household composition. Among the college-educated, cohabitation is much less likely to involve living with children, and, perhaps as a result, these cohabiters are likely to be members of dual-earner couples.\u00a0 Cohabitation among the less-educated two-thirds of the time involves parenthood on the part of at least one of the cohabiters, and children tend to reduce measured economic well-being.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another important household composition difference involves the household members of adults not living with a spouse or partner.\u00a0 Again, the nature of the household varies along educational lines.\u00a0 Among college-educated adults without a spouse or partner, 44% live alone.\u00a0 The typical college-educated adult without a spouse or partner earns most of the household income\u201488% in the typical household, as shown in the table on page 11.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By contrast, only 20% of less-educated adults lacking a spouse or partner live alone.\u00a0\u00a0 Less-educated adults lacking a spouse or partner tend to live in bigger families (2.7 family members versus 1.9 family members), a difference only partly explained by their larger average number of children (0.7 children versus 0.3 children).\u00a0 Less-educated adults without a spouse or partner are more likely to live with at least one of their parents. In part because they often live with other adult family members, less-educated adults without a spouse or partner are not the only source of household income.\u00a0\u00a0 The typical less-educated adult with no spouse or partner earns only 43% of the household income, half the share earned by the typical college-educated adult with no spouse or partner.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given that less-educated adults without a spouse or partner often reside with other adult family members, cohabitation offers less of a potential economic windfall to them. By moving in with a partner, they may have the benefit of that partner\u2019s income. But by moving out of a household with other family members, they lose the economic resources those other family members contribute. Cohabitation does not necessarily produce net additional earners for the households of less educated adults as it does for college-educated adults without a spouse or partner.<\/p>\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;references&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">REFERENCES<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Casper, Lynne M., and Philip N. Cohen. 2000. \u201cHow Does POSSLQ Measure Up? Historical Estimates of Cohabitation,\u201d\u00a0<em>Demography<\/em>, vol. 37, no. 2, May.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dye, Jane Lawler. 2010.\u00a0<em>Fertility of American Women: 2008<\/em>. November. Current Population Report P20-563. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Goodwin, P.Y., W.D. Mosher, and A. Chandra. 2010. \u201cMarriage and Cohabitation in the United States: A Statistical Portrait Based on Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth.\u201d February.\u00a0<em>Vital and Health Statistics<\/em>, vol. 23, no. 28. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fry, Richard, and D\u2019Vera Cohn. 2010.\u00a0<em>Women, Men and the New Economics of Marriage.<\/em> January. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Garner, Thesia, Javier Ruiz-Castillo, and Mercedes Sastre. 2003. \u201cThe Influence of Demographics and Household-Specific Price Indices on Consumption-Based Inequality and Welfare: A Comparison of Spain and the United States,\u201d\u00a0<em>Southern Economic Journal<\/em>,<em> <\/em>vol. 70, no. 1: 22-48.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hamplova, Dana, and Celine Le Bourdais. 2009. \u201cOne pot or two pot strategies? Income pooling in married and unmarried households in comparative perspective,\u201d\u00a0<em>Journal of Comparative Family Studies, <\/em>vol. 40, June.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kennedy, Sheela, and Larry Bumpass. 2008. \u201cCohabitation and Children\u2019s Living Arrangements: New Estimates from the United States,\u201d\u00a0<em>Demographic Research<\/em>, vol. 19, no. 47, September.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kenney, Catherine T. 2006. \u201cThe Power of the Purse: Allocative Systems and Inequality in Couple Households,\u201d\u00a0<em>Gender and Society<\/em>, vol. 20, no. 3, June.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kreider, Rose M. 2010.\u00a0<em>Increase in Opposite-sex Cohabiting Couples from 2009 to 2010 in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey<\/em>.\u00a0 September.\u00a0 Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division Working Paper.\u00a0 Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">National Center for Family &amp; Marriage Research. 2010.\u00a0<em>Trends in Cohabitation: Twenty Years of Change, 1987-2008.<\/em> October.\u00a0 NCFMR FP-10-07.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nock, Steven L. 2005.\u00a0 \u201cMarriage as a Public Issue,\u201d\u00a0<em>The Future of Children<\/em>, vol. 15, no. 2, Fall.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Short, Kathleen, Thesia Garner, David Johnson, and Patricia Doyle.\u00a0<em>Experimental Poverty Measures: 1990 to 1997<\/em>, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, P60-205, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (1999).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simmons, Tavia, and Martin O\u2019Connell. 2003.\u00a0<em>Married-Couple and Unmarried-Partner Households: 2000<\/em>. U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Report CENSR-5.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Smock, Pamela J., Wendy D. Manning and Meredith Porter. 2005. \u201cEverything\u2019s There Except Money\u201d: How Money Shapes Decisions to Marry Among Cohabitors,\u201d\u00a0<em>Journal of Marriage and Family, <\/em>vol. 67, August.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thomas, Adam, and Isabel Sawhill. 2005.\u00a0 \u201cFor Love\u00a0<em>and<\/em> Money? The Impact of Family Structure on Family Income,\u201d\u00a0<em>The Future of Children<\/em>, vol. 15, no. 2, Fall.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The economic well-being of adults ages 30 to 44 is influenced not just by their own labor market characteristics and those of any partners, but also by the nature of their households. The measure of economic well-being used in this analysis already takes account of differences in the size of the household, but the makeup [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":131,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[950,984],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[519],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-41501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-dvera-cohn","bylines-richard-fry","formats-report","research-teams-social-trends"],"label":false,"post_parent":41437,"word_count":1287,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/iv-the-households-and-demographics-of-30-to-44-year-olds\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":55350,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png?w=460&h=310&crop=1","width":460,"height":310,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":55350,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":55350,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":55350,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":55350,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png?w=460&h=310&crop=1","width":460,"height":310,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":55350,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2011\/06\/ST_Cohabiting_Compact.png?w=460&h=310&crop=1","width":460,"height":310,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":41437,"title":"Living Together: The Economics of Cohabitation","slug":"living-together-the-economics-of-cohabitation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/living-together-the-economics-of-cohabitation\/","is_active":false},{"id":41454,"title":"I. Prevalence and Growth of Cohabitation","slug":"i-prevalence-and-growth-of-cohabitation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/i-prevalence-and-growth-of-cohabitation\/","is_active":false},{"id":41469,"title":"II. The Economics of Cohabitation","slug":"ii-the-economics-of-cohabitation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/ii-the-economics-of-cohabitation\/","is_active":false},{"id":41485,"title":"III. Labor Market Characteristics","slug":"iii-labor-market-characteristics","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/iii-labor-market-characteristics\/","is_active":false},{"id":41501,"title":"IV. The Households and demographics of 30- to 44-Year-olds","slug":"iv-the-households-and-demographics-of-30-to-44-year-olds","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/iv-the-households-and-demographics-of-30-to-44-year-olds\/","is_active":true},{"id":41516,"title":"Appendix 1: Tables","slug":"appendix-1-tables","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/appendix-1-tables\/","is_active":false},{"id":41530,"title":"Appendix 2: Data Sources","slug":"appendix-2-data-sources","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/appendix-2-data-sources\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"37d7de05-9bba-4077-8819-cbdf042bf552","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2011\/06\/pew-social-trends-cohabitation-06-2011.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":41501,"title":"IV. 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Labor Market Characteristics","slug":"iii-labor-market-characteristics","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/iii-labor-market-characteristics\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},"pagination_items":[{"id":41437,"title":"Living Together: The Economics of Cohabitation","slug":"living-together-the-economics-of-cohabitation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/living-together-the-economics-of-cohabitation\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":41454,"title":"I. Prevalence and Growth of Cohabitation","slug":"i-prevalence-and-growth-of-cohabitation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/i-prevalence-and-growth-of-cohabitation\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":41469,"title":"II. The Economics of Cohabitation","slug":"ii-the-economics-of-cohabitation","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/ii-the-economics-of-cohabitation\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":41485,"title":"III. Labor Market Characteristics","slug":"iii-labor-market-characteristics","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2011\/06\/27\/iii-labor-market-characteristics\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":41501,"title":"IV. 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