{"id":39769,"date":"2016-05-11T16:57:26","date_gmt":"2016-05-11T21:57:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-a-references-3\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T03:23:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T08:23:14","slug":"appendix-a-references-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-a-references-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix A: References"},"content":{"rendered":"

Burkhauser, Richard V., Amy Crews Cutts, Mary C. Daly and Stephen P. Jenkins. 1999. \u201cTesting the Significance of Income Distribution Changes Over the 1980s Business Cycle: A Cross-National Comparison.\u201d Journal of Applied Econometrics<\/em>, Vol. 14, No. 3.<\/p>\n\n

Cingano, Federico. 2014. \u201cTrends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth.\u201d Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, December. http:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/trends-in-income-inequality-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth_5jxrjncwxv6j-en<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Dabla-Norris, Era, Kalpana Kochhar, Nujin Suphaphiphat, Frantisek Ricka and Evridiki Tsounta. 2015. \u201cCauses and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective.\u201d Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, June. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2015\/sdn1513.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Debels, Annelies and Leen Vandecasteele. 2008. \u201cThe Time Lag in Annual Household-Based Income Measures: Assessing and Correcting the Bias.\u201d Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 54, No. 1. <\/p>\n\n

Garner, Thesia I., Javier Ruiz-Castillo and Mercedes Sastre. 2003. \u201c The Influence of Demographics and Household-Specific Price Indices on Consumption-Based Inequality and Welfare: A Comparison of Spain and the United States.\u201d Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 70, No. 1.<\/p>\n\n

Hout, Michael. 2007. \u201cHow Class Works in Popular Conception: Most Americans Identify With the Class Their Income, Occupation, and Education Implies for Them.\u201d Berkeley, CA: Survey Research Center, February. http:\/\/ucdata.berkeley.edu\/publication_record.php?recid=96<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Johnson, David S., Timothy M. Smeeding and Barbara Boyle Torrey. 2005. \u201cEconomic Inequality Through the Prisms of Income and Consumption.\u201d Monthly Labor Review, April. http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/mlr\/2005\/04\/art2full.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Krueger, Alan B. 2012. \u201cThe Rise and Consequences of Inequality in the United States.\u201d Council of Economic Advisers. Speech given to Center for American Progress, Washington, D.C., January 12. http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/krueger_cap_speech_final_remarks.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Ostry, Jonathan D., Andrew Berg and Charalambos G. Tsangarides. 2014. \u201cRedistribution, Inequality, and Growth.\u201d Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, February. http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2014\/sdn1402.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Pew Research Center. 2008. \u201cInside the Middle Class: Bad Times Hit the Good Life.\u201d Washington, D.C.: April. https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2008\/04\/09\/inside-the-middle-class-bad-times-hit-the-good-life\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Pew Research Center. 2012. \u201cThe Lost Decade of the Middle Class.\u201d Washington, D.C.: August. https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2012\/08\/22\/the-lost-decade-of-the-middle-class\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Pew Research Center. 2015. \u201cThe American Middle Class Is Losing Ground: No longer the majority and falling behind financially.\u201d Washington, D.C.: December. https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2015\/12\/09\/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground<\/a><\/p>\n\n

[Machine-readable database]<\/p>\n\n\n

Savage, Mike, Fiona Devine, Niall Cunningham, Mark Taylor, Yaojun Li, Johs. Hjellbrekke, Brigitte Le Roux, Sam Friedman and Andrew Miles. 2013. \u201cA New Model of Social Class: Findings From the BBC\u2019s Great British Class Survey Experiment.\u201d Sociology, April. http:\/\/soc.sagepub.com\/content\/early\/2013\/03\/12\/0038038513481128<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Short, Kathleen, Thesia Garner, David Johnson and Patricia Doyle. 1999. \u201cExperimental Poverty Measures, 1990 to 1997.\u201d Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, June. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/99pubs\/p60-205.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Summers, Lawrence H. and Ed Balls. 2015. \u201cReport of the Commission on Inclusive Prosperity.\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress, January. https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/economy\/report\/2015\/01\/15\/104266\/report-of-the-commission-on-inclusive-prosperity<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Burkhauser, Richard V., Amy Crews Cutts, Mary C. Daly and Stephen P. Jenkins. 1999. \u201cTesting the Significance of Income Distribution Changes Over the 1980s Business Cycle: A Cross-National Comparison.\u201d Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 14, No. 3. Cingano, Federico. 2014. \u201cTrends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth.\u201d Paris, France: Organization for Economic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":294,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[232,239,238,243,241],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[519],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-39769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economic-conditions","category-economic-inequality","category-income-wages","category-middle-class","category-wealth","formats-report","research-teams-social-trends"],"label":false,"post_parent":39698,"word_count":477,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-a-references-3\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":"50564","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":"50564","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":"50564","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":"50564","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":"50564","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":"50564","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_16.05.12_MiddleIncome_Featured-Image_DotMap2.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":39698,"title":"America\u2019s Shrinking Middle Class: A Close Look at Changes Within Metropolitan Areas","slug":"americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas\/","is_active":false},{"id":39711,"title":"1. The American middle class loses ground nationally","slug":"1-the-american-middle-class-loses-ground-nationally","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/1-the-american-middle-class-loses-ground-nationally\/","is_active":false},{"id":39747,"title":"2. The relative size of income tiers and their financial status varied greatly across U.S. metropolitan areas in 2014","slug":"2-the-relative-size-of-income-tiers-and-their-financial-status-varied-greatly-across-u-s-metropolitan-areas-in-2014","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/2-the-relative-size-of-income-tiers-and-their-financial-status-varied-greatly-across-u-s-metropolitan-areas-in-2014\/","is_active":false},{"id":39733,"title":"3. The middle class shrank and incomes fell in most metropolitan areas from 2000 to 2014","slug":"3-the-middle-class-shrank-and-incomes-fell-in-most-metropolitan-areas-from-2000-to-2014","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/3-the-middle-class-shrank-and-incomes-fell-in-most-metropolitan-areas-from-2000-to-2014\/","is_active":false},{"id":39724,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-4-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/acknowledgments-4-2\/","is_active":false},{"id":39783,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-4-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/methodology-4-2\/","is_active":false},{"id":39769,"title":"Appendix A: References","slug":"appendix-a-references-3","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-a-references-3\/","is_active":true},{"id":39760,"title":"Appendix B: Detailed tables and maps","slug":"appendix-b-detailed-tables-and-maps","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-b-detailed-tables-and-maps\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_zg92lc4o6","type":"report","attachmentId":21591,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/05\/Middle-Class-Metro-Areas-FINAL.pdf","label":"","icon":""},{"key":"_pzcj0thun","type":"promo","attachmentId":50574,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2016\/05\/ST_15.11.20_Middle-Income-Calc_Promo_140x140.png","label":"Calculator: Are You in the American Middle Class?","icon":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/05\/ST_15.11.20_Middle-Income-Calc_Promo_140x140.png"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":39769,"title":"Appendix A: References","slug":"appendix-a-references-3","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-a-references-3\/","is_active":true,"page_num":7},"next_post":{"id":39760,"title":"Appendix B: Detailed tables and maps","slug":"appendix-b-detailed-tables-and-maps","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/appendix-b-detailed-tables-and-maps\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},"previous_post":{"id":39783,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-4-2","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/methodology-4-2\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},"pagination_items":[{"id":39698,"title":"America\u2019s Shrinking Middle Class: A Close Look at Changes Within Metropolitan Areas","slug":"americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":39711,"title":"1. The American middle class loses ground nationally","slug":"1-the-american-middle-class-loses-ground-nationally","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/1-the-american-middle-class-loses-ground-nationally\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":39747,"title":"2. The relative size of income tiers and their financial status varied greatly across U.S. metropolitan areas in 2014","slug":"2-the-relative-size-of-income-tiers-and-their-financial-status-varied-greatly-across-u-s-metropolitan-areas-in-2014","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2016\/05\/11\/2-the-relative-size-of-income-tiers-and-their-financial-status-varied-greatly-across-u-s-metropolitan-areas-in-2014\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":39733,"title":"3. 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