{"id":39107,"date":"2021-05-18T10:53:21","date_gmt":"2021-05-18T15:53:21","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-07-15T15:14:21","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T19:14:21","slug":"first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/","title":{"rendered":"First-Generation College Graduates Lag Behind Their Peers on Key Economic Outcomes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand more about how the educational background of parents is linked to their children\u2019s labor market and economic outcomes. Much has been written about the impact parental education has on children&#8217;s educational attainment, but less is known about the longer-term impact on economic well-being. Two surveys collected by the Federal Reserve are used to illuminate this relationship. The larger and more recent&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/consumerscommunities\/shed.htm\">Survey of Household and Economic Decisionmaking<\/a>&nbsp;(SHED) collects information on the type of college the adult attended and has a battery of questions on educational debt. The analysis examines adults ages 22 to 59, of which there are 7,429 unweighted respondents in the 2019 SHED. The SHED is not designed to precisely measure economic outcomes such as income and wealth. The well-known&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/econres\/scfindex.htm\">Survey of Consumer Finances<\/a>&nbsp;(SCF) is the gold-standard for measurement of household wealth, and the 2019 collection ascertained the respondent\u2019s parental levels of education. The SCF also has information on inheritances received and expected. This allows us to explore the relationship between the economic outcomes of the head of the household and parental education and some of the ways in which college-educated parents are able to transmit their wealth to their offspring.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"is-style-alternate wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"terminology\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;terminology&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Terminology<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this report, references to&nbsp;<strong>college graduates<\/strong>&nbsp;or people who are college educated comprise those with a bachelor\u2019s degree or more.&nbsp;<strong>Some college<\/strong>&nbsp;includes those with an associate degree, certificate, or technical degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A&nbsp;<strong>first-generation college graduate<\/strong>&nbsp;refers to a person who has completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree but does not have a parent who has completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree. A&nbsp;<strong>second-generation college graduate<\/strong>&nbsp;has at least one parent who has completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Net worth<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>wealth<\/strong>&nbsp;is the difference between the value of what the household owns (assets) and what it owes (debts).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">References to&nbsp;<strong>White<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>Black<\/strong>&nbsp;adults include only those who are not Hispanic and identify as only one race.&nbsp;<strong>Hispanics<\/strong>&nbsp;are of any race.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-0-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47525\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e5e5de\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" height=\"1024\" width=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?w=488\" alt=\"Outcomes are different for adults with and without a college-educated parent\" class=\"wp-image-47525 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e5e5de; width:310px\" title=\"Outcomes are different for adults with and without a college-educated parent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=143,300 143w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=488,1024 488w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=193,405 193w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=200,420 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=260,546 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=310,651 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=420,882 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=152,320 152w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-0.png?resize=305,640 305w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even as the cost of college&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/education\/best-colleges\/paying-for-college\/articles\/2017-09-20\/see-20-years-of-tuition-growth-at-national-universities\">continues to rise<\/a>,&nbsp;with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/12\/30\/student-debt-totals-increased-by-107percent-this-decade.html\">student debt levels climbing<\/a> along with it, the long-term&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/michaeltnietzel\/2020\/01\/15\/new-evidence-documents-that-a-college-degree-pays-off-by-a-lot\/?sh=1b8c518d3a98\">financial benefits<\/a>&nbsp;of a four-year college degree remain indisputable.&nbsp;Adults who have attained at least a bachelor\u2019s degree have better economic outcomes, on average, than adults who have not completed college. They tend to earn more and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/publications\/files\/scf20.pdf\">accumulate more wealth<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the economic benefits are not equally felt among college graduates. A new Pew Research Center analysis of data from the Federal Reserve Board finds that first-generation college graduates are not on equal footing with their peers who have college-educated parents. Among household heads who have at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, those who have a parent with a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education have substantially higher incomes and more wealth than those who are the first generation in their family to graduate from college.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adults who have at least one college-educated parent are far more likely to complete college compared with adults with less-educated parents. Some 70% of adults ages 22 to 59 with at least one parent who has a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education have completed a bachelor\u2019s degree themselves. Only 26% of their peers who do not have a college-educated parent have a bachelor\u2019s degree.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scholars and higher education administrators have focused on the many challenges facing students whose parents have never attended college.[1. These students are sometimes referred to as \u201cfirst-generation college students.\u201d In this report, \u201cfirst generation\u201d adults refer to the larger group who do not have a parent who has&nbsp;<em>completed<\/em>&nbsp;college.] Enrolling in U.S. higher education is a complicated multistep process that includes completing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2018\/2018421.pdf\">college prep coursework<\/a>&nbsp;in high school and navigating the admissions and financial aid process. Whether labelled \u201ccollege knowledge\u201d or \u201ccultural capital,\u201d students whose parents have their own experience and success in how to go to college have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2001\/2001126.pdf\">greater access<\/a>&nbsp;to postsecondary education. Once on campus, students whose parents have not attended college&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2012\/2012254.pdf\">are less likely to complete<\/a>&nbsp;a degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For adults who do complete a bachelor\u2019s degree, financial outcomes are strongly linked to parental educational attainment. The median household income for households headed by a first-generation college graduate ($99,600) is substantially lower than the income for households headed by a second-generation graduate ($135,800).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The median wealth of households headed by a first-generation college graduate ($152,000) also substantially trails that of households headed by a second-generation college graduate ($244,500). The higher household income of the latter facilitates saving and wealth accumulation. The gap also reflects differences in how individuals finance their education. Second-generation college graduates tend to come from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2018\/2018421.pdf\">more affluent families<\/a>.&nbsp;First-generation college graduates are more likely to incur education debt than those with a college-educated parent. They also have greater amounts of outstanding education debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The benefits of having a college-educated parent don\u2019t necessarily extend to those who don\u2019t graduate from college themselves. Among adults who have not graduated from college, there is no substantial economic boost associated with having a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;adults-with-college-educated-parents-are-much-more-likely-than-others-to-have-graduated-from-college-themselves&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-prc-block-chapter\" id=\"adults-with-college-educated-parents-are-much-more-likely-than-others-to-have-graduated-from-college-themselves\">Adults with college-educated parents are much more likely than others to have graduated from college themselves<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-1-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47529\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e2e6e5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"856\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?w=620\" alt=\"Adults with parents who are college graduates are more likely to attain a bachelor\u2019s degree\" class=\"wp-image-47529 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e2e6e5; width:310px\" title=\"Adults with parents who are college graduates are more likely to attain a bachelor\u2019s degree\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=217,300 217w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=293,405 293w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=200,276 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=260,359 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=310,428 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=420,580 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=160,221 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-1.png?resize=320,442 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The likelihood of an adult completing a bachelor\u2019s degree increases as their parents\u2019 educational attainment rises. Among adults ages 22 to 59 whose parents have no education beyond high school, 20% have completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree.[2. Very few adults complete a bachelor\u2019s degree before age 22. The number of respondents in the surveys collected by the Federal Reserve is somewhat limited. An upper age range around 60 conforms to practice in other intergenerational studies.] Among those who have at least one parent who has completed some college, 34% have finished a bachelor\u2019s degree. The share rises substantially for adults with one parent who has at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, 60% of whom have completed college. Among adults whose parents have both finished college, 82% have at least a bachelor\u2019s degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This pattern is consistent across demographic groups. Among White adults, those with at least one parent who has a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education are more than twice as likely to be college graduates themselves as those who don\u2019t have a college-educated parent (72% vs. 29%). Black adults who have a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree are also much more likely to have finished college than Black adults who don\u2019t have a college-educated parent (57% vs. 21%). For Hispanic adults, the pattern is similar: 58% of those with a college-educated parent have a bachelor\u2019s degree themselves. By comparison, only 15% of those who don\u2019t have a college-educated parent are bachelor\u2019s degree holders.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-2-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47536\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" height=\"1024\" width=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?w=576\" alt=\"The educational gains associated with having a college-educated parent are widespread\" class=\"wp-image-47536 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefee; width:310px\" title=\"The educational gains associated with having a college-educated parent are widespread\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png 618w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=169,300 169w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=576,1024 576w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=228,405 228w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=200,355 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=260,462 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=310,551 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=420,746 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=160,284 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-2.png?resize=320,569 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among both men and women, those with a parent who has obtained at least a bachelor\u2019s degree are much more likely to have graduated from college than those whose parents did not attain at least bachelor\u2019s degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And while younger adults are more likely to have completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree than older adults, the advantage associated with having a college-educated parent is similar across age groups. For example, among 22- to 29-year-olds, those with a college-educated parent are more than twice as likely to have completed a bachelor\u2019s degree as those without a college-educated parent (72% vs. 28%). The pattern is similar among 45- to 59-year-olds: 63% of those with a college-educated parent have a bachelor\u2019s degree compared with 24% of those without a college-educated parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;the-type-of-higher-education-institution-adults-attended-differs-according-to-their-parents-educational-attainment&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-prc-block-chapter\" id=\"the-type-of-higher-education-institution-adults-attended-differs-according-to-their-parents-educational-attainment\">The type of higher education institution adults attended differs according to their parents\u2019 educational attainment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not only is parental education linked to college completion, it is also related to the type of institution a person attends. Among adults who attended college, those who have a parent with a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education are more likely than those without a college-educated parent to have gone to a four-year institution (85% vs. 61%, respectively).[3. This pattern is also apparent in a recent&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2018\/2018421.pdf\">National Center for Education Statistics<\/a>&nbsp;longitudinal study. Among high school students who were sophomores in 2002 and had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2012, 26% of those who had a parent who had completed at least a bachelor\u2019s degree first attended a public two-year college. If the parent had some college, 42% attended public two-year institutions. If neither parent had attended college, 46% first attended these institutions.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Research has shown that students who initially attend a four-year college or university are more likely to complete a bachelor\u2019s degree than those who attend a two-year institution.[4. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2020\/2020238.pdf\">National Center for Education Statistics<\/a>&nbsp;recently released educational outcomes for students who began their postsecondary education in 2012. About 59% of those who started at four-year institutions had a bachelor\u2019s degree six years later compared with 11% of those starting at a two-year institution.] Adults who have completed a bachelor\u2019s degree tend to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/coe\/indicator_cba.asp\">earn substantially more<\/a>&nbsp;than those with some college.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-3-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47543\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6e7e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"846\" height=\"792\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?w=846\" alt=\"For those who attended college, the type of school they went to varies by parental education \" class=\"wp-image-47543 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6e7e3; width:420px\" title=\"For those who attended college, the type of school they went to varies by parental education \" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png 846w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=300,281 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=768,719 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=433,405 433w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=200,187 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=260,243 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=310,290 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=420,393 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=640,599 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=740,693 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=160,150 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-3.png?resize=320,300 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 846px) 100vw, 846px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Patterns also differ by type of college or university. Among adults who attended college, those with a college-educated parent are more likely than first-generation college students to have attended a private institution (29% vs. 17% of those without a college-educated parent). The latter group is more likely than those with a college-educated parent to have attended a private, for-profit institution.[5. Respondents are not self-reporting the level, control, and admissions selectivity of the college attended. The respondent reports the name and location of the college attended and then the Federal Reserve assigns the college characteristics using administrative sources.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, the selectivity of the college an individual attends differs based on their parents\u2019 educational attainment. Among those who attended college, adults with a parent who has a bachelor\u2019s degree or more education are more likely than those without a college-educated parent to have attended a \u201cmore selective\u201d school (51% vs. 23%, respectively). By contrast, those who don\u2019t have a parent with a four-year college degree are much more likely to have attended a less selective college \u2013 54% vs. 24% of those with a college-educated parent.[6. Admissions selectivity is based on the variable&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/consumerscommunities\/shed_data.htm\">ACTCAT<\/a>&nbsp;and refers to the typical ACT or SAT score of a recent entering class at a college or university. Less selective or inclusive institutions include those with open admissions (typically only requiring the applicant to have completed high school) as well as community colleges.] Previous research has shown that the admissions&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0276562416301536\">selectivity of the institution<\/a>&nbsp;impacts the likelihood of&nbsp;&nbsp;completion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;the-household-incomes-of-first-generation-college-graduates-lag-those-of-other-graduates&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-prc-block-chapter\" id=\"the-household-incomes-of-first-generation-college-graduates-lag-those-of-other-graduates\">The household incomes of first-generation college graduates lag those of other graduates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond a boost in educational attainment, adults who have a college-educated parent enjoy, on average, better economic returns.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-4-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47548\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6e6e1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" height=\"1024\" width=\"592\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?w=592\" alt=\"Among household heads with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, household incomes are higher for those with a parent who is a college graduate\" class=\"wp-image-47548 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6e6e1; width:310px\" title=\"Among household heads with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, household incomes are higher for those with a parent who is a college graduate\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=174,300 174w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=592,1024 592w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=234,405 234w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=200,346 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=260,450 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=310,536 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=420,726 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=160,277 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-4.png?resize=320,553 320w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Households headed by an adult age 22 to 59 who has a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree had a median adjusted household income in 2019 of $100,900 \u2013 significantly above those headed by an adult whose parents lack a bachelor\u2019s degree ($65,200). This partly reflects that the former household heads are more likely to have attained a bachelor\u2019s degree than the latter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The income advantage of having a parent who has at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, sometimes dubbed the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stlouisfed.org\/publications\/in-the-balance\/2019\/first-generation-college-graduates\">parent premium<\/a>,\u201d is largely confined to college-educated household heads. The median household income for household heads who have a bachelor\u2019s degree and a college-educated parent was $135,800 in 2019. By comparison, household heads with a bachelor\u2019s degree whose parents did not graduate from college had a substantially lower median income \u2013 $99,600.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among households headed by those with some college education, the difference in household income between those who have a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree ($70,500) and those who don\u2019t ($67,000) is modest. The pattern is similar for household heads with a high school diploma or less education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-5-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47556\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ececec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"838\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?w=838\" alt=\"College grads with a parent who is a college graduate are more likely to complete an advanced degree\" class=\"wp-image-47556 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ececec; width:420px\" title=\"College grads with a parent who is a college graduate are more likely to complete an advanced degree\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png 838w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=300,207 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=768,530 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=587,405 587w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=200,138 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=260,179 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=310,214 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=420,290 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=640,441 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=740,510 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=160,110 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-5.png?resize=320,221 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of the household income gap between college graduates with and without a college-educated parent likely reflects educational differences between these two groups. Second-generation college graduates are more likely to finish a master\u2019s degree, professional degree or doctoral degree. Among 22- to 59-year-old college graduates, 43% of those who have a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree have completed an advanced degree. This compares with 35% of first-generation college graduates.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/income-poverty\/historical-income-households.html\">Census data<\/a>&nbsp;shows that household heads with a master\u2019s degree have a median household income of $117,400. The median incomes of those holding professional and doctoral degrees are $162,100 and $142,300, respectively. Households heads having a bachelor\u2019s degree but no advanced degree have a lower median income ($100,200).[7. Published Census household income figures are not adjusted for household size.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be sure, there are differences in the demographic composition of households headed by first- and second-generation college graduates that may account for some of the differences in economic outcomes for these two groups. For example, Black and Hispanic college graduates, who tend to have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/publications\/2020-economic-well-being-of-us-households-in-2019-higher-education.htm\">lower median incomes<\/a>&nbsp;than their White counterparts, make up a larger share of first-generation than second-generation graduates. Still, parental education matters even when taking race and ethnicity into account. A large income gap by parental education is apparent when the analysis is restricted to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stlouisfed.org\/publications\/in-the-balance\/2019\/first-generation-college-graduates\">White families<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0276562420300081\">Additional recent research<\/a>&nbsp;finds that parental education matters for the earnings of Black and Hispanic college graduates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The household income gap is not due to differences in marital status, as first-generation college graduates are as likely as other college graduates to be married.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;second-generation-college-graduates-have-substantially-more-wealth-than-first-generation-college-graduates&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-prc-block-chapter\" id=\"second-generation-college-graduates-have-substantially-more-wealth-than-first-generation-college-graduates\">Second-generation college graduates have substantially more wealth than first-generation college graduates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-6-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47562\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e7e2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"998\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?w=618\" alt=\"Among household heads with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, wealth is higher for those with a college graduate parent \" class=\"wp-image-47562 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e7e2; width:310px\" title=\"Among household heads with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, wealth is higher for those with a college graduate parent \" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png 618w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=186,300 186w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=251,405 251w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=200,323 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=260,420 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=310,501 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=420,678 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=160,258 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-6.png?resize=320,517 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similar to household income, there is a substantial wealth gap between households headed by a first-generation college graduate versus those headed by a second-generation college graduate, and, again, the difference is particularly pronounced among those with a bachelor\u2019s degree. Wealth is different than the household\u2019s income stream. Wealth is the value of all the assets owned by the household (cars, homes, financial assets, businesses, etc.) minus outstanding debts owed by the household. Wealth is valuable because it can be used to tide the household over if its income is interrupted (due to layoff, illness, or variable earnings) as well as fund retirement. It can also be used to pay for a child\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fdic.gov\/news\/events\/consumersymposium\/2016\/documents\/mondragon_paper.pdf\">college expenses<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Households headed by an adult age 22 to 59 who has a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree have more than twice the median wealth ($132,100) of similar households headed by an adult without a college-educated parent ($60,700). This partly reflects the higher educational attainment of the former group, as median wealth&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/publications\/files\/scf20.pdf\">steeply increases<\/a>&nbsp;with the educational attainment of the household head. The typical wealth level of a household headed by a four-year college graduate is $202,500, far surpassing the wealth level of the typical household headed by a high school graduate ($31,200).[8. Figures based on household heads age 22 to 59.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among households headed by a college graduate, the median wealth of those with a parent who has at least a bachelor\u2019s degree ($244,500) is nearly $100,000 greater than the wealth of those who don\u2019t have a college-educated parent ($152,000).[9. This probably understates the wealth disadvantage of first-generation college graduates, as they are about four years older than second generation college graduates (41 years vs. 37 years) and wealth tends to increase with age at least until retirement.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The wealth disadvantage of households headed by a first-generation college graduate partly reflect their lower household income.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/publications\/files\/scf20.pdf\">Higher household income<\/a>&nbsp;makes it easier for the household to save and accumulate wealth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-7-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47567\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeeeed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"668\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?w=840\" alt=\"College graduates with a parent who is also a college graduate are less likely to incur education debt\" class=\"wp-image-47567 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeeeed; width:420px\" title=\"College graduates with a parent who is also a college graduate are less likely to incur education debt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png 840w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=300,239 300w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=768,611 768w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=509,405 509w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=200,159 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=260,207 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=310,247 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=420,334 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=640,509 640w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=740,588 740w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=160,127 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-7.png?resize=320,254 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Educational debt is another factor that likely contributes to the wealth gap. First-generation college graduates are more likely to have incurred debt for their education than second-generation college graduates. The amounts outstanding also tend to be greater.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two-thirds of first-generation college graduates incurred debt for their own education (this includes both those with outstanding debt and debt that has been repaid).[10. Education debt largely was in the form of student loans but also could be incurred on credit cards and home equity lines of credit and other forms of debt.] In comparison, 56% of those with a college-educated parent incurred educational debt.[11. NCES reports on the financial aid packages of 2011-12&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2016\/2016136.pdf\">first-time postsecondary students<\/a>. Students who had a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree (44%) were less likely than other students to have a student loan (48%).]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among college graduates with any outstanding debt for their education, first-generation college graduates tend to owe more. About two-thirds (65%) of first-generation college graduates owe at least $25,000 or more, compared with 57% of second-generation college graduates.[12. The Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking inquires about outstanding education debt in ranges rather than exact dollar amounts.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parental education does not influence the incidence and levels of education debt among adults who have not finished at least a bachelor\u2019s degree. For example, adults with some college are roughly equally likely to report borrowing for their education regardless of their parents\u2019 education levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"inheritance-boosts-the-wealth-levels-of-children-of-college-graduates\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inheritance boosts the wealth levels of children of college graduates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-8-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47571\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ececec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"964\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?w=620\" alt=\"Households headed by a person with a parent who is a college graduate are more likely to receive an inheritance\" class=\"wp-image-47571 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ececec; width:310px\" title=\"Households headed by a person with a parent who is a college graduate are more likely to receive an inheritance\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png 620w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=193,300 193w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=260,404 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=200,311 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=310,482 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=420,653 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=160,249 160w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-8.png?resize=320,498 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aside from paying for their college, another&nbsp;&nbsp;way in which college-educated parents can boost their children\u2019s wealth is by directly transferring it to them, i.e., giving them an inheritance. Again, the benefit of having a college-educated parent is much more apparent if the child completes at least a bachelor\u2019s degree. Differences in parental bequest behavior are modest for some adults who do not finish college.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One-in-five household heads who has a parent with at least a bachelor\u2019s degree report receiving an inheritance, trust, or substantial gift, in comparison to 14% of heads of less-educated parents. For households headed by a college graduate, 23% of those with a parent who is also college-educated have received an inheritance. By comparison, 14% of those without a college-educated parent report getting an inheritance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2021\/05\/18\/first-generation-college-graduates-lag-behind-their-peers-on-key-economic-outcomes\/psdt_05-18-21_parental-education-00-9-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47577\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e3e2d6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" height=\"1024\" width=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?w=414\" alt=\"Parental education is related to the inheritance the household expects to receive\" class=\"wp-image-47577 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e3e2d6; width:310px\" title=\"Parental education is related to the inheritance the household expects to receive\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png 616w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=121,300 121w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=414,1024 414w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=164,405 164w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=200,494 200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=260,642 260w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=310,766 310w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=420,1038 420w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PSDT_05.18.21_parental.education-00-9.png?resize=259,640 259w\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although some people haven\u2019t received an inheritance, they may expect to at some point in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Household heads who have a parent who has completed a bachelor\u2019s degree (27%) are about twice as likely as heads without a college-educated parent (12%) to expect to receive an inheritance at a later date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roughly a third (32%) of heads who are second-generation college graduates expect to receive an inheritance. Only 15% of heads who are first-generation college graduates expect an inheritance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parental education also influences the size of the inheritance expected. The median expected inheritance is $250,000 if the head has a parent who has finished at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, this compares with $100,000 for heads who don\u2019t have a college-educated parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>College graduates without a college-educated parent have lower incomes and less wealth, on average, than those with a parent who has a bachelor\u2019s or higher degree.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":367,"featured_media":47475,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"College graduates without a college-educated parent have lower incomes and less wealth, on average, than those with a parent who has a bachelor\u2019s or higher 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College Graduates Lag Behind Their Peers on Key Economic 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