{"id":337853,"date":"2026-07-15T12:58:33","date_gmt":"2026-07-15T16:58:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=337853"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:19:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T13:19:22","slug":"how-do-views-of-china-differ-across-high-and-middle-income-countries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/how-do-views-of-china-differ-across-high-and-middle-income-countries\/","title":{"rendered":"How do views of China differ across high- and middle-income countries?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-style-plus-icon has-border-color has-ui-gray-light-border-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background has-sans-serif-font-family is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-4031d49d wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);font-size:clamp(0.875em, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.009), 0.88em);\"><summary>About this research<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Pew Research Center report looks at international views of China and its leadership, including how opinions vary between <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/opendata\/understanding-country-income--world-bank-group-income-classifica\">high- and middle-income countries<\/a> and within the Asia-Pacific region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"why-did-we-do-this\"><strong>Why did we do this?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center does research to help the public, media and decision-makers understand important topics. This international research on opinion of China builds on decades of previous work, including reports <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/07\/27\/chinas-approach-to-foreign-policy-gets-largely-negative-reviews-in-24-country-survey\/\">China\u2019s approach to foreign policy<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2022\/09\/28\/how-global-public-opinion-of-china-has-shifted-in-the-xi-era\/\">how views have shifted during Xi\u2019s presidency<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/about\/\">Learn more about Pew Research Center<\/a> and our <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/international-surveys\/\">international surveys<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"how-did-we-do-this\"><strong>How did we do this?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We surveyed 45,658 people across 37 countries: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the U.K., the U.S., and the West Bank and East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Interviews were conducted from February 8 to May 13, 2026. We designed the surveys so we could talk about the views of the adult population in each country. Here are the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_topline.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_topline.pdf\">survey questions used<\/a> for this report, along with responses, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/methodology-global-views-china-2026\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/methodology-global-views-china-2026\/\">survey methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Views of China are closely linked to how wealthy a nation is: People in high-income countries tend to have less favorable opinions of China, while those in less affluent countries tend to see China in a more positive light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2130f694 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"why-these-countries\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-small-font-size\">Why these countries?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We surveyed 37 countries in spring 2026, including 18 high-income countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S. We also surveyed in 18 middle-income countries, as classified by the <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/opendata\/world-bank-country-classifications-by-income-level-for-2024-2025\">World Bank<\/a>: Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Turkey. We include the West Bank and East Jerusalem in this group for analysis, though the corresponding World Bank classification is for the West Bank and Gaza. (We were unable to survey in Gaza.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In most middle-income countries, we conduct our surveys face-to-face, a mode that gives us more time with respondents to explore topics we might not otherwise be able to. By comparison, respondents in high-income countries tend to be surveyed over the phone or online. For more on our survey methods, read the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/methods\/feature\/international-methodology\/all-survey\/all-country\/all-year\/\">country-specific methodologies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eef0ef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eef0ef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_01.png?resize=480,278 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_01.png?resize=782,452 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_01.png?resize=960,555 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_01.png?resize=1200,694 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_01.png?resize=1280,740 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"370\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_01.png?w=640\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-337914 not-transparent\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This pattern, based on surveys in 37 countries, is also evident in views of Chinese President Xi Jinping, evaluations of China\u2019s respect for the personal freedoms of its people, concerns about potential territorial disputes, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below, we explore how attitudes about China differ in high- and middle-income countries (as defined by <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/opendata\/understanding-country-income--world-bank-group-income-classifica\">World Bank lending groups<\/a>). <em>Read more about <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/views-of-china-and-xi-are-improving-globally\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/views-of-china-and-xi-are-improving-globally\/\">views across all 37 countries surveyed<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;favorability-of-china&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" id=\"favorability-of-china\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Favorability of China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=337912\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f5f5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_02.png?resize=480,405 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_02.png?resize=782,659 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_02.png?resize=840,708 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"539\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_02.png?w=640\" alt=\"A dot plot showing that Positive views of China tend to be more common in middle-income countries.\" class=\"wp-image-337912 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f5f5; width:420px;height:auto\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At least half of adults in most middle-income countries surveyed have a positive view of China, including around three-quarters or more in Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many high-income countries, a majority have an unfavorable view of China, including seven-in-ten or more in Japan, Israel, the United States, South Korea and Sweden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"confidence-in-xi\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Confidence in Xi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=337911\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_03.png?resize=480,421 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_03.png?resize=782,685 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_03.png?resize=840,736 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"561\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_03.png?w=640\" alt=\"A dot plot showing that People in middle-income countries express more confidence in Xi.\" class=\"wp-image-337911 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f5; width:420px;height:auto\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Majorities in many of the middle-income countries surveyed view Xi favorably, including around three-quarters or more in Pakistan and Kenya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But in almost every high-income country, a majority <em>lacks<\/em> confidence in Xi, a view held by around three-quarters or more in Australia, France, Japan, Israel, South Korea and Sweden. Views of Xi are particularly low in Japan, where 92% do not have confidence in him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"personal-freedoms\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Personal freedoms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-640-wide is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=337913\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f5f5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_04.png?resize=480,427 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_04.png?resize=782,696 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_04.png?resize=840,748 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"570\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_02_04.png?w=640\" alt=\"A dot plot showing that Few in high-income countries see China as respectful of personal freedoms.\" class=\"wp-image-337913 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f5f5; width:420px;height:auto\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In half of the middle-income countries surveyed, majorities say the Chinese government respects the personal freedoms of its people. This includes around seven-in-ten or more in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Ghana. But far fewer feel this way in the Latin American countries surveyed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Majorities in each of the high-income countries surveyed say China does not respect its people\u2019s freedoms, including around nine-in-ten who hold this view in Japan, Sweden, Germany, South Korea and Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"relationship-with-china\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relationship with China<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some of the Asia-Pacific countries surveyed, we asked additional questions that touched on their nation\u2019s relationship with China. Adults in high-income Asia-Pacific countries tend to be more likely to view China as a threat, while those in middle-income countries are more likely to describe it as an ally. Additionally, adults in high-income countries are generally more concerned about territorial disputes with China. (Outside South Korea, the data for the high-income countries in the region is from 2025.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Philippines is a notable exception among middle-income Asia-Pacific countries: 86% of Filipinos are concerned about territorial disputes with China, and Filipinos are more likely than any other public surveyed to describe China as a threat to their country. <em>Read more on <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/chinas-image-in-the-asia-pacific-region\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/chinas-image-in-the-asia-pacific-region\/\">views of China in the Asia-Pacific region<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>People in middle-income countries are more likely that those in wealthier nations to see China favorably and to say its government respects personal freedoms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":658,"featured_media":337978,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[658,648],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[119,115],"tags":[],"bylines":[2745,633,954,589],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[506,516,504,498,514,497,513,509,510,505,515],"research-teams":[525],"workflow-status":[],"collection":[],"class_list":["post-337853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china-global-image","category-world-leaders","bylines-jonathan-schulman","bylines-laura-clancy","bylines-laura-silver","bylines-william-miner","formats-report","regions-countries-china","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-germany","regions-countries-india","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-israel","regions-countries-latin-america","regions-countries-mexico","regions-countries-middle-east-north-africa","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-global"],"label":"Report","post_parent":337799,"word_count":787,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/how-do-views-of-china-differ-across-high-and-middle-income-countries\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":337978,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/PG_26.08.04_GlobalViewsChina_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/PG_26.08.04_GlobalViewsChina_featured@2x.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false,"caption":"People pose for a photo in front of giant national flag in Jiyuan, China, on Oct. 1, 2025. 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Chavda","email":"jchavda@pewresearch.org","slack_user_id":"","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/25a8337b09227ae6bd1fcc61c51525411e4e811281a9b97061cdac78d6378cf7?s=48&d=mm&r=g"}],"table_of_contents":[{"id":337799,"title":"Views of China and Xi Are Improving Globally","slug":"views-of-china-and-xi-are-improving-globally","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/views-of-china-and-xi-are-improving-globally\/","is_active":false},{"id":337824,"title":"China\u2019s image in the Asia-Pacific region","slug":"chinas-image-in-the-asia-pacific-region","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/chinas-image-in-the-asia-pacific-region\/","is_active":false},{"id":337853,"title":"How do views of China differ across high- and middle-income countries?","slug":"how-do-views-of-china-differ-across-high-and-middle-income-countries","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/how-do-views-of-china-differ-across-high-and-middle-income-countries\/","is_active":true},{"id":337805,"title":"Appendix: Detailed tables","slug":"appendix-detailed-tables-global-views-china-2026","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/appendix-detailed-tables-global-views-china-2026\/","is_active":false},{"id":337812,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-global-views-china-2026","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/acknowledgments-global-views-china-2026\/","is_active":false},{"id":337809,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-global-views-china-2026","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/07\/15\/methodology-global-views-china-2026\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_qqtwit11x","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_topline.pdf","label":"Topline","attachmentId":338013},{"key":"_nfxbda6s4","type":"detailedTable","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/07\/pg_2026.06.15_global-views-china-2026_tpln.xlsx","label":"Detailed 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