{"id":29409,"date":"2017-04-24T16:54:07","date_gmt":"2017-04-24T21:54:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2017\/04\/24\/western-europe-middle-class-appendix-f\/"},"modified":"2026-08-06T16:18:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-06T20:18:50","slug":"western-europe-middle-class-appendix-f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/western-europe-middle-class-appendix-f\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix F: Changes in the shares of adults in lower-, middle- and upper-income tiers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The charts in this appendix show the shares of adults in the lower-, middle- and upper-income tiers in a country in 1991 and in the latest year for which data are available. The latest estimates for Denmark, France, Ireland and Italy are for 2010. The latest estimates for Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the UK and the U.S. are for 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-01-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37447\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"518\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-01.png?resize=206,518 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-01.png?w=206\" alt=\"Denmark\" class=\"wp-image-38406 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-02-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37448\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"511\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-02.png?resize=204,511 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-02.png?w=204\" alt=\"Finland\" class=\"wp-image-38411 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-03-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37449\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"519\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-03.png?resize=206,519 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-03.png?w=206\" alt=\"France\" class=\"wp-image-38420 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-04-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37450\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"563\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-04.png?resize=203,563 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-04.png?w=203\" alt=\"Germany\" class=\"wp-image-38427 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-05-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37451\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"520\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-05.png?resize=204,520 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-05.png?w=204\" alt=\"Ireland\" class=\"wp-image-38432 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-06-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37452\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"516\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-06.png?resize=206,516 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-06.png?w=206\" alt=\"Italy\" class=\"wp-image-38230 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-07-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37453\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"518\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-07.png?resize=206,518 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-07.png?w=206\" alt=\"Luxembourg\" class=\"wp-image-38177 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-08-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37454\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"207\" height=\"516\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-08.png?resize=207,516 207w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-08.png?w=207\" alt=\"Netherlands\" class=\"wp-image-38180 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-09-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37455\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"210\" height=\"518\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-09.png?resize=210,518 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-09.png?w=210\" alt=\"Norway\" class=\"wp-image-38184 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-10-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37456\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"517\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-10.png?resize=206,517 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-10.png?w=206\" alt=\"Spain\" class=\"wp-image-38188 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-11-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37457\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"518\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-11.png?resize=204,518 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-11.png?w=204\" alt=\"United Kingdom\" class=\"wp-image-38191 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full alignnone\"><a class=\"image-box\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/middle-class-fortunes-in-western-europe\/st_2017-04-24_western-europe-middle-class_f-12-png\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37458\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f5f5f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f5f5f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"208\" height=\"516\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-12.png?resize=208,516 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/ST_2017.04.24_Western-Europe-Middle-Class_F-12.png?w=208\" alt=\"U.S.\" class=\"wp-image-38196 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The charts in this appendix show the shares of adults in the lower-, middle- and upper-income tiers in a country in 1991 and in the latest year for which data are available. The latest estimates for Denmark, France, Ireland and Italy are for 2010. The latest estimates for Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":38443,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"wpai_generated_summary":"","apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_api_pending":"","apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_hidden":false,"apple_news_auto_publish":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[724],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[232,239,238,243,237,241],"tags":[],"bylines":[986],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[2812,2811,2813],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[516,514],"research-teams":[525,529],"workflow-status":[],"collection":[],"class_list":["post-29409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economic-conditions","category-economic-inequality","category-income-wages","category-middle-class","category-personal-finances","category-wealth","bylines-rakesh-kochhar","primary_audience-engaged-public","primary_audience-media","primary_audience-stakeholders","formats-report","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-international","research-teams-global","research-teams-global-migration-and-demography"],"label":"Report","post_parent":29339,"word_count":64,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/western-europe-middle-class-appendix-f\/","charts":[],"art_direction":{"A1":{"id":38443,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":38443,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":38443,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":38443,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":38443,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":38443,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/04\/GMD_17.04.15_EuropeUSMiddleClass_SocialCard.png?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"prc_checklist":{"prc-image-alt-text":{"status":"complete","message":"All 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The middle class is large in many Western European countries, but it is losing ground in places","slug":"the-middle-class-is-large-in-many-western-european-countries-but-it-is-losing-ground-in-places","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/the-middle-class-is-large-in-many-western-european-countries-but-it-is-losing-ground-in-places\/","is_active":false},{"id":29317,"title":"2. The financial well-being of income tiers varies across countries, and is evolving differently","slug":"the-financial-well-being-of-income-tiers-varies-across-countries-and-is-evolving-differently","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2017\/04\/24\/the-financial-well-being-of-income-tiers-varies-across-countries-and-is-evolving-differently\/","is_active":false},{"id":29307,"title":"3. 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