{"id":28914,"date":"2018-07-12T09:31:38","date_gmt":"2018-07-12T14:37:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-a-defining-the-groups\/"},"modified":"2024-09-10T17:19:08","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T21:19:08","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-a-defining-the-groups","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-a-defining-the-groups\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix A: Defining the groups"},"content":{"rendered":"

To create the political groups used for analysis in this report, survey respondents were categorized into seven groups based on their left-right ideological self-placement and whether they express populist views. The six political groups are Left Populists, Left Mainstream, Center Populists, Center Mainstream, Right Populists and Right Mainstream. The seventh is the Unaligned group, which includes respondents who did not answer the ideological self-placement question.<\/p>\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n

Measuring ideology<\/h3>\n\n

Respondents were asked to place themselves on a zero to six ideological scale ranging from far left (zero) to far right (six). Respondents who place themselves at a zero, one or two are categorized as \u201cleft,\u201d those who place themselves at a three are categorized as \u201ccenter\u201d and those who place themselves at a four, five or six are categorized as \u201cright.\u201d Those who did not answer the ideological self-placement question are placed in the Unaligned group.<\/p>\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n

The center group is restricted to just category three \u2013 rather than combining categories two, three and four \u2013 for two reasons. First, a large percentage of respondents in each country place themselves in category three. If the categories two, three and four were combined into the center group, this would leave very few people on the left and the right for analysis. Second, and more importantly, on most key issues included in this report, there are significant differences between\u00a0the people who place themselves at \u201ccenter left\u201d (two) and people who place\u00a0themselves at \u201ccenter right\u201d\u00a0(four). In fact, the attitudes of those who are center left (two) are closer to those on the far left (zero or one) than they are to those who are center right (four) and vice versa on the right. For example, take the issue of whether it is the government\u2019s responsibility to ensure a decent standard of living for all. In Denmark, 72% of the far left hold this position, as do 69% of the center left. In contrast, 44% of the center right espouse that view, along with only 35% of the far right.<\/p>\n\n

It is also important to note that the ideology measure is not specific to any particular issue area. While left-right terminology in Europe has typically been used in the context of economic issues and the role of the state in the economy, this self-placement ideological scale captures political differences on a range of issues \u2013 economic, social and immigration \u2013 as shown throughout the report.<\/p>\n\n

Measuring populist views<\/h3>\n\n

To evaluate the impact of populist views, the survey focused on measuring core components of populism. Academic studies of populism consistently identify a few key ideas as underlying the concept: 1) The people\u2019s will is the main source of government legitimacy, 2) \u201cThe people\u201d and \u201cthe elite\u201d are two homogenous and antagonistic groups, and 3) \u201cThe people\u201d are good, while \u201cthe elite\u201d are corrupt (Stanley, 2011; Akkerman, Mudde, & Zaslove, 2014; Schulz et al., 2017).<\/p>\n\n

The measure of populist views used in this survey is based on respondents\u2019 answers to two questions: 1) Ordinary people would do a better job<\/u>\/do no better<\/u> solving the country\u2019s problems than elected officials and 2) Most elected officials care<\/u>\/don\u2019t care<\/u> what people like me think. Both measures are meant to capture the core ideas that the government should reflect the will of \u201cthe people\u201d and that \u201celites\u201d are an antagonistic group that is out of touch with the demands of \u201cthe people.\u201d The second measure is also a traditional question asked regularly over time on political surveys to measure efficacy and dissatisfaction with government responsiveness. This measure, or ones that are similar, are used by scholars studying populism to capture attitudes about an antagonistic relationship between elites and the people (Stanley, 2011; Spruyt et al., 2016; Schulz et al., 2017). Spearman correlations for the two questions measuring populist views combined fall between 0.2 and 0.3 across countries.<\/p>\n\n

These two questions were combined into a single variable with two categories: people who hold \u201cpopulist\u201d views and people who hold \u201cmainstream\u201d views. Those who answer that elected officials don\u2019t care about people like them and<\/u> who say ordinary people would do a better job solving the country\u2019s problems than elected officials are categorized as holding populist views<\/strong>; everyone else is categorized as holding mainstream views<\/strong>.[18. numoffset=”18″ The Unaligned group, who do not place themselves on the left-right ideological scale, may hold mainstream or populist views.]<\/p>\n\n

Due to the limitations imposed by conducting a survey on a broad range of issues and keeping the survey to a reasonable length for respondents, we focused on just these two key questions to measure populist views. Many scholars rely on multiple questions to measure populist views. The two measures we use are essentially a measure of anti-establishment attitudes. While this is a key aspect of populism, it can also be a broader concept than the narrower idea of populism. Given that, the populist groups studied here may include some people who do not consider themselves populist or populist supporters, while the mainstream group may include some people who do. Still, as is shown in the analysis, the two groups studied \u2013 populist and mainstream \u2013 reveal consistent, distinct attitudinal patterns across a range of questions.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To create the political groups used for analysis in this report, survey respondents were categorized into seven groups based on their left-right ideological self-placement and whether they express populist views. The six political groups are Left Populists, Left Mainstream, Center Populists, Center Mainstream, Right Populists and Right Mainstream. The seventh is the Unaligned group, which […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"bylines":[868,841,954,937],"collection":[],"datasets":[1025],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[516,514],"research-teams":[525],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-28914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","bylines-courtney-johnson","bylines-katie-simmons","bylines-laura-silver","bylines-richard-wike","datasets-fall-2017-media-and-politics-in-western-europe-survey-data","formats-report","mode-of-analysis-survey","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-international","research-teams-global"],"label":false,"post_parent":29004,"word_count":844,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-a-defining-the-groups\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":"37628","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":"37628","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":"37628","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":"37628","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":"37628","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":"37628","rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/07\/PG_18.07.12_WesternEuropePolitics_Featured-Image.jpg?w=640&h=320&crop=1","width":640,"height":320,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":29004,"title":"In Western Europe, Populist Parties Tap Anti-Establishment Frustration but Have Little Appeal Across Ideological Divide","slug":"in-western-europe-populist-parties-tap-anti-establishment-frustration-but-have-little-appeal-across-ideological-divide","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/in-western-europe-populist-parties-tap-anti-establishment-frustration-but-have-little-appeal-across-ideological-divide\/","is_active":false},{"id":28994,"title":"1. Mapping the political space in Western Europe","slug":"mapping-the-political-space-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/mapping-the-political-space-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false},{"id":28987,"title":"2. On economic policy, Western European public opinion deeply divided along traditional ideological lines","slug":"on-economic-policy-western-europe-public-opinion-deeply-divided-along-traditional-ideological-lines","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/on-economic-policy-western-europe-public-opinion-deeply-divided-along-traditional-ideological-lines\/","is_active":false},{"id":28977,"title":"3. Ideological right more traditional on social issues","slug":"ideological-right-more-traditional-on-social-issues","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/ideological-right-more-traditional-on-social-issues\/","is_active":false},{"id":28929,"title":"4. Stark left-right divides on attitudes about immigration","slug":"stark-left-right-divides-on-attitudes-about-immigration","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/stark-left-right-divides-on-attitudes-about-immigration\/","is_active":false},{"id":28967,"title":"5. Populist groups across the ideological spectrum have low trust in institutions","slug":"populist-groups-across-the-ideological-spectrum-have-low-trust-in-institutions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/populist-groups-across-the-ideological-spectrum-have-low-trust-in-institutions\/","is_active":false},{"id":28955,"title":"6. People who hold populist views are less likely to see EU membership bringing economic benefits","slug":"people-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-likely-to-see-eu-membership-bringing-economic-benefits","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/people-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-likely-to-see-eu-membership-bringing-economic-benefits\/","is_active":false},{"id":28943,"title":"7. Left-right ideology influences political party support across Western Europe more than populist views","slug":"left-right-ideology-influences-political-party-support-across-western-europe-more-than-populist-views","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/left-right-ideology-influences-political-party-support-across-western-europe-more-than-populist-views\/","is_active":false},{"id":28868,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":28857,"title":"Methodology","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":28914,"title":"Appendix A: Defining the 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References","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-c-references","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-c-references\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"efb2c6b6-9025-4f22-830e-e5a21ce7fc87","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/07\/Pew-Research-Center_Western-Europe-Political-Ideology-Report_2018-07-12.pdf"},{"key":"129cf83d-9dbc-455c-91a7-dc303ee45f0d","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/07\/Pew-Research-Center_Western-Europe-Politcal-Ideology_2018-07-12_Topline.pdf"},{"key":"_ziv9yeu4r","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2018\/09\/12\/how-traditional-and-populist-party-support-differs-across-western-europe\/","label":"Explore traditional and populist party support 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Mapping the political space in Western Europe","slug":"mapping-the-political-space-in-western-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/mapping-the-political-space-in-western-europe\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":28987,"title":"2. On economic policy, Western European public opinion deeply divided along traditional ideological lines","slug":"on-economic-policy-western-europe-public-opinion-deeply-divided-along-traditional-ideological-lines","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/on-economic-policy-western-europe-public-opinion-deeply-divided-along-traditional-ideological-lines\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":28977,"title":"3. Ideological right more traditional on social issues","slug":"ideological-right-more-traditional-on-social-issues","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/ideological-right-more-traditional-on-social-issues\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":28929,"title":"4. Stark left-right divides on attitudes about immigration","slug":"stark-left-right-divides-on-attitudes-about-immigration","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/stark-left-right-divides-on-attitudes-about-immigration\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":28967,"title":"5. Populist groups across the ideological spectrum have low trust in institutions","slug":"populist-groups-across-the-ideological-spectrum-have-low-trust-in-institutions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/populist-groups-across-the-ideological-spectrum-have-low-trust-in-institutions\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":28955,"title":"6. People who hold populist views are less likely to see EU membership bringing economic benefits","slug":"people-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-likely-to-see-eu-membership-bringing-economic-benefits","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/people-who-hold-populist-views-are-less-likely-to-see-eu-membership-bringing-economic-benefits\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":28943,"title":"7. Left-right ideology influences political party support across Western Europe more than populist views","slug":"left-right-ideology-influences-political-party-support-across-western-europe-more-than-populist-views","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/left-right-ideology-influences-political-party-support-across-western-europe-more-than-populist-views\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":28868,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":28857,"title":"Methodology","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},{"id":28914,"title":"Appendix A: Defining the groups","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-a-defining-the-groups","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-a-defining-the-groups\/","is_active":true,"page_num":11},{"id":28881,"title":"Appendix B: Classifying the parties","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/","is_active":false,"page_num":12},{"id":28900,"title":"Appendix C: References","slug":"western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-c-references","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/07\/12\/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-c-references\/","is_active":false,"page_num":13}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"In Western Europe, Populist Parties Tap Anti-Establishment Frustration but Have Little Appeal Across 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