{"id":28626,"date":"2019-04-29T16:51:01","date_gmt":"2019-04-29T21:51:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/"},"modified":"2024-04-14T00:10:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-14T05:10:11","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix B: Classifying European political parties"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5 id=\"classifying-parties-as-populist\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classifying parties as populist<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We define \u201cpopulist\u201d political parties as those that display high levels of anti-elitism. We do this on the basis of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chesdata.eu\/1999-2014-chapel-hill-expert-survey-ches-trend-file-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chapel Hill Expert Survey<\/a> (CHES). This survey, which was carried out in January and February 2018, asked 228 regional experts to evaluate the 2017 party positions of 132 European political parties across 14 European Union member states. CHES results are regularly used by academics to classify parties with regard to their left-right ideological leanings, their key party platform positions, and their degree of populism, among other things.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We measure anti-elitism using an average of two variables in the CHES data. First, we used \u201cPEOPLE_VS_ELITE,\u201d which asked the experts to measure the parties with regard to their position on direct vs. representative democracy, where 0 means that the parties support elected officeholders making the most important decisions and 10 means that \u201cthe people,\u201d not politicians, should make the most important decisions. Second, we used \u201cANTIELITE_SALIENCE,\u201d which is a measure of the salience of anti-establishment and anti-elite rhetoric for that particular party, with 0 meaning not at all salient and 10 meaning extremely salient. The average of these two measures is shown in the table below as \u201canti-elitism.\u201d In all countries, we consider parties that score above a 7.0 as \u201cpopulist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p>[European Parliament]<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 id=\"classifying-parties-as-left-or-right\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classifying parties as left or right<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We can further classify these traditional and populist parties into two groups: left and right. To do so, we relied on the variable \u201cLRGEN\u201d in the CHES dataset, which asked experts to rate the positions of each party in terms of its overall ideological stance, with 0 meaning extreme left, 5 meaning center and 10 meaning extreme right. We define left parties as those that score below 5 and right parties as those above 5.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/pg_2019-04-29_global-views-of-democracy_b-01\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44184\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0efee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0efee;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"856\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_2019.04.29_Global-Views-of-Democracy_B-01.png?resize=480,321 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_2019.04.29_Global-Views-of-Democracy_B-01.png?resize=782,523 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_2019.04.29_Global-Views-of-Democracy_B-01.png?resize=960,642 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_2019.04.29_Global-Views-of-Democracy_B-01.png?resize=1200,803 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_2019.04.29_Global-Views-of-Democracy_B-01.png?resize=1280,856 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" class=\"wp-image-36734 not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/04\/PG_2019.04.29_Global-Views-of-Democracy_B-01.png?w=640\" alt=\"Table showing European populist party classifications sorted by whether they are on the left or right, country, and an anti-elitism score.\" ><\/a><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Classifying parties as populist We define \u201cpopulist\u201d political parties as those that display high levels of anti-elitism. We do this on the basis of the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES). This survey, which was carried out in January and February 2018, asked 228 regional experts to evaluate the 2017 party positions of 132 European political [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[60,25,77],"tags":[],"bylines":[],"collection":[],"datasets":[],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[],"research-teams":[525],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-28626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-democracy","category-politics-policy","category-trust-in-government","formats-report","research-teams-global"],"label":false,"post_parent":28684,"word_count":285,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":37238,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false},"A2":{"id":37238,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":37238,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":37238,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":37238,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"chartArt":false},"social":{"id":37238,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2019\/04\/PG_19.04.15_Democracy_Featured-Image-jpg.webp?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":28684,"title":"Many Across the Globe Are Dissatisfied With How Democracy Is Working","slug":"many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working\/","is_active":false},{"id":28676,"title":"1. Dissatisfaction with performance of democracy is common in many nations","slug":"dissatisfaction-with-performance-of-democracy-is-common-in-many-nations","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/dissatisfaction-with-performance-of-democracy-is-common-in-many-nations\/","is_active":false},{"id":28666,"title":"2. Publics satisfied with free speech, ability to improve living standards; many are critical of institutions, politicians","slug":"publics-satisfied-with-free-speech-ability-to-improve-living-standards-many-are-critical-of-institutions-politicians","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/publics-satisfied-with-free-speech-ability-to-improve-living-standards-many-are-critical-of-institutions-politicians\/","is_active":false},{"id":28656,"title":"3. Why are people dissatisfied with how democracy is working?","slug":"why-are-people-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/why-are-people-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working\/","is_active":false},{"id":28645,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"global-views-democracy-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":28637,"title":"Methodology","slug":"global-views-democracy-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":28632,"title":"Appendix A: Factors that influence democratic dissatisfaction","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-a-factors-that-influence-democratic-dissatisfaction","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-a-factors-that-influence-democratic-dissatisfaction\/","is_active":false},{"id":28626,"title":"Appendix B: Classifying European political parties","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/","is_active":true},{"id":28619,"title":"Appendix C: Economic categorization","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-c-economic-categorization","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-c-economic-categorization\/","is_active":false},{"id":28613,"title":"Appendix D: Political categorization","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-d-political-categorization","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-d-political-categorization\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"e43fd817-b407-4221-b685-1da24d72c847","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/04\/Pew-Research-Center_Global-Views-of-Democracy-Report_2019-04-29_Updated-2019-04-30.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"key":"6b7a00bb-f772-4dbc-88cc-f76ab479b3fb","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/04\/Pew-Research-Center_Global-Views-of-Democracy_TOPLINE_2019-04-29.pdf","label":"","icon":"","attachmentId":""},{"type":"dataset","id":1023,"label":"Spring 2018 Survey Data","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/spring-2018-survey-data\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":28626,"title":"Appendix B: Classifying European political parties","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/","is_active":true,"page_num":8},"next_post":{"id":28619,"title":"Appendix C: Economic categorization","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-c-economic-categorization","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-c-economic-categorization\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},"previous_post":{"id":28632,"title":"Appendix A: Factors that influence democratic dissatisfaction","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-a-factors-that-influence-democratic-dissatisfaction","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-a-factors-that-influence-democratic-dissatisfaction\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},"pagination_items":[{"id":28684,"title":"Many Across the Globe Are Dissatisfied With How Democracy Is Working","slug":"many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":28676,"title":"1. Dissatisfaction with performance of democracy is common in many nations","slug":"dissatisfaction-with-performance-of-democracy-is-common-in-many-nations","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/dissatisfaction-with-performance-of-democracy-is-common-in-many-nations\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":28666,"title":"2. Publics satisfied with free speech, ability to improve living standards; many are critical of institutions, politicians","slug":"publics-satisfied-with-free-speech-ability-to-improve-living-standards-many-are-critical-of-institutions-politicians","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/publics-satisfied-with-free-speech-ability-to-improve-living-standards-many-are-critical-of-institutions-politicians\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":28656,"title":"3. Why are people dissatisfied with how democracy is working?","slug":"why-are-people-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/why-are-people-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":28645,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"global-views-democracy-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":28637,"title":"Methodology","slug":"global-views-democracy-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":28632,"title":"Appendix A: Factors that influence democratic dissatisfaction","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-a-factors-that-influence-democratic-dissatisfaction","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-a-factors-that-influence-democratic-dissatisfaction\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":28626,"title":"Appendix B: Classifying European political parties","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-b-classifying-the-parties\/","is_active":true,"page_num":8},{"id":28619,"title":"Appendix C: Economic categorization","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-c-economic-categorization","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-c-economic-categorization\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":28613,"title":"Appendix D: Political categorization","slug":"global-views-democracy-appendix-d-political-categorization","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/04\/29\/global-views-democracy-appendix-d-political-categorization\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Many Across the Globe Are Dissatisfied With How Democracy Is Working","parent_id":28684},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Global views of democracy %post_title%","description":"Classifying parties as populist We define \u201cpopulist\u201d political parties as those that display high levels of anti-elitism. We do this on the basis of the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES).&hellip;","og_title":"Appendix B: Classifying European political parties","og_description":"","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":[],"custom_schema":[],"og_image":37238,"indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{"prc-image-alt-text":{"status":"complete","message":"All images have alt text.","data":null},"prc-about-this-research":{"status":"incomplete","message":"Add an \"About this research\" details block.","data":null},"prc-paragraph-count":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 3 paragraphs.","data":{"count":3}},"prc-internal-link":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 1 internal link.","data":{"count":1}}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[],"bylinesOrdered":[],"acknowledgementsOrdered":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28626","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28626"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28626\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97922,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28626\/revisions\/97922"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28626"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"bylines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bylines?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"collection","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collection?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"datasets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/datasets?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"level_of_effort","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/level_of_effort?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"primary_audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/primary_audience?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"information_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/information_type?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"_post_visibility","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_post_visibility?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/formats?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"_fund_pool","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_fund_pool?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/languages?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"regions-countries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/regions-countries?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"research-teams","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-teams?post=28626"},{"taxonomy":"workflow-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow-status?post=28626"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}