{"id":28592,"date":"2019-10-17T12:01:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T17:01:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2019\/10\/17\/evropske-verejne-mineni-tricet-let-po-padu-komunismu\/"},"modified":"2026-08-21T09:31:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T13:31:34","slug":"evropske-verejne-mineni-tricet-let-po-padu-komunismu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/10\/17\/evropske-verejne-mineni-tricet-let-po-padu-komunismu\/","title":{"rendered":"Evropsk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed t\u0159icet let po p\u00e1du komunismu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

(P\u0159eklad z anglick\u00e9 verze)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

WASHINGTON, D.C. (15. \u0159\u00edjna 2019) \u2013 Podle nov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu Pew Research Center<\/a> jen men\u0161ina lid\u00ed z b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku lituje t\u0159icet let po p\u00e1du komunismu p\u0159evratn\u00fdch zm\u011bn z obdob\u00ed mezi lety 1989 a 1991. Lid\u00e9 nicm\u00e9n\u011b nejsou spokojeni ani se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi a ekonomick\u00fdmi pom\u011bry. V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st obyvatel st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy je stejn\u011b jako v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b znepokojena fungov\u00e1n\u00edm politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f sv\u00fdch zem\u00ed a probl\u00e9my jako je nerovnost. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toto jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu, do kter\u00e9ho se zapojilo 17 zem\u00ed \u2013 14 \u010dlen\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 Unie z obou stran b\u00fdval\u00e9 \u017eelezn\u00e9 opony a d\u00e1le Rusko, Ukrajina a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty . Pr\u016fzkum se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9ho okruhu t\u00e9mat a zahrnuje pohledy na p\u0159echod k politick\u00e9 pluralit\u011b a voln\u00e9mu trhu, na demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty, EU, roli N\u011bmecka, evropsk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 p\u0159edstavitele, \u017eivotn\u00ed spokojenost, ekonomick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, rovnost pohlav\u00ed, men\u0161inov\u00e9 skupiny \u010di politick\u00e9 strany. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f pr\u016fzkumu jsou obyvatel\u00e9 b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku obecn\u011b toho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU je pro jejich st\u00e1ty prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. V regionu p\u0159eva\u017euje v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 podpora mnoha demokratick\u00fdch hodnot. A\u010dkoliv v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed se rozhodn\u011b hl\u00e1s\u00ed k demokracii, m\u00edra, s jakou se zasazuj\u00ed o konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed demokratick\u00e9 principy, kol\u00eds\u00e1. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud jde o p\u0159echod k pluralitn\u00ed demokracii a tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomice, k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo po rozpadu komunismu, v\u011bt\u0161ina dotazovan\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti ze st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy tyto zm\u011bny schvaluje. Podpora transformace v r\u00e1mci sledovan\u00e9ho regionu v\u0161ak nen\u00ed rovnom\u011brn\u00e1 \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad 85 % Pol\u00e1k\u016f podporuje p\u0159echod k demokracii i kapitalismu. Naopak v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159etina Bulhar\u016f a Ukrajinc\u016f jej neschvaluje a tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b pro polovinu Rus\u016f. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00edry nad\u0161en\u00ed pro demokracii a voln\u00fd trh mohou b\u00fdt \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 \u00fahly pohledu na pokrok, kter\u00e9ho spole\u010dnosti b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed des\u00edtek let dos\u00e1hly. Obyvatel\u00e9 zem\u00ed jako Polsko, \u010cesk\u00e1 republika a Litva, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inov\u011b hodnot\u00ed ekonomickou situaci ve sv\u00e9 zemi jako lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e za komunismu, se obecn\u011b k t\u011bmto zm\u011bn\u00e1m stav\u00ed pozitivn\u011b. Naopak v Rusku, Bulharsku a Ukrajin\u011b, kde jsou lid\u00e9 z ekonomick\u00fdch zm\u011bn od dob komunismu m\u00e9n\u011b nad\u0161en\u00ed, je v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina obyvatel toho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee situace je v sou\u010dasnosti pro v\u011bt\u0161inu hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e b\u011bhem komunismu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud jde o pokrok dosa\u017een\u00fd b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch t\u0159iceti let v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech, dotazovan\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnost ze st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy vn\u00edm\u00e1 nejpozitivn\u011bji zm\u011bny t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b. Nejv\u00edce rozpolcen\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na pokrok m\u00e1 v oblasti z\u00e1konnosti a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho po\u0159\u00e1dku a rodinn\u00fdch hodnot. V\u011bt\u0161ina se shoduje, \u017ee zm\u011bny m\u011bly tak\u00e9 negativn\u00ed vliv na zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u011b jako jsou odli\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na pokrok dosa\u017een\u00fd v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti, rozch\u00e1z\u00ed se i n\u00e1zory na budoucnost. V b\u00fdval\u00fdch komunistick\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, kter\u00e9 byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pr\u016fzkumu, je ve\u0159ejnost pom\u011brn\u011b optimistick\u00e1 ohledn\u011b budouc\u00edch vztah\u016f sv\u00e9 zem\u011b s ostatn\u00edmi evropsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody, ale je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b pesimistick\u00e1 ohledn\u011b fungov\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a specifick\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, jako jsou pracovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a nerovnost.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u016fzkumu se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo 18 979 lid\u00ed a prob\u00edhal od 13. kv\u011btna do 12. srpna 2019. Tato studie se op\u00edr\u00e1 o dva p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pr\u016fzkumy proveden\u00e9 instituc\u00ed Pew Research Center a jej\u00edm p\u0159edch\u016fdcem. Prvn\u00ed pr\u016fzkum vypracovalo Times Mirror Center for the People & the Press (p\u0159edch\u016fdce Pew Research Center) v obdob\u00ed od 15. dubna a 31. kv\u011btna 1991. Druhou studii provedlo Pew Research Center v obdob\u00ed od 27. srpna do 24. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2009, tedy t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed 20. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00edm p\u00e1du Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 zdi.  <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010clensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU jsou ve sv\u00e9 podpo\u0159e evropsk\u00e9ho projektu p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jednotn\u00e9.<\/strong> EU z\u00edskala do velk\u00e9 m\u00edry p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU je pro jejich zemi dobr\u00e9 a \u017ee jejich zem\u011b v r\u00e1mci EU ekonomicky prosperuje, i kdy\u017e kladn\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9to instituce se nedaj\u00ed ozna\u010dit za univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed. Nejp\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bji hodnot\u00ed EU b\u00fdval\u00e9 komunistick\u00e9 zem\u011b Polsko a Litva, kter\u00e9 se staly \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty v roce 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00edm z faktor\u016f, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje nespokojenost s fungov\u00e1n\u00edm demokracie, je frustrace z politick\u00fdch elit. <\/strong>Ty jsou \u010dasto vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako odtr\u017een\u00e9 od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch obyvatel. <\/strong>Podle pr\u016fzkumu mezi \u010dleny EU medi\u00e1n 69 procent osob nesouhlas\u00ed s tvrzen\u00edm \u201eV\u011bt\u0161in\u011b zvolen\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, co si mysl\u00ed lid\u00e9 jako j\u00e1.\u201c Tento n\u00e1zor sd\u00edl\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed v Rusku, USA a Ukrajin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravicov\u00ed populist\u00e9 jsou v\u016f\u010di EU a men\u0161in\u00e1m v\u00edce ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u00ed.<\/strong> U lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd n\u00e1zor na pravicov\u00e9 populistick\u00e9 strany, je obecn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee z\u00e1rove\u0148 nemaj\u00ed kladn\u00fd vztah k EU a domn\u00edvaj\u00ed se, \u017ee ekonomick\u00e1 integrace Evropy byla pro jejich zemi \u0161patn\u00e1. Negativn\u011bji se tak\u00e9 vyhrazuj\u00ed v\u016f\u010di men\u0161inov\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zde jsou k nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 sch\u00e9mata z nov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou ur\u010dena k okam\u017eit\u00e9mu zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed a jsou dostupn\u00e1 na adrese: https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2019\/10\/15\/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nPokud m\u00e1te z\u00e1jem o v\u00edce informac\u00ed nebo o rozhovor s autorem studie Richardem Wikem, \u0159editelem pro v\u00fdzkum o celosv\u011btov\u00fdch postoj\u00edch, Jacobem Poushterem, n\u00e1m\u011bstkem \u0159editele, nebo Laurou Silver, vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumnou pracovnic\u00ed, kontaktujte pros\u00edm Stefana Corniberta na \u010d\u00edsle +1 202 419 4372 nebo na e-mailu <\/span>scornibert@pewresearch.org<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(P\u0159eklad z anglick\u00e9 verze) WASHINGTON, D.C. (15. \u0159\u00edjna 2019) \u2013 Podle nov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu Pew Research Center jen men\u0161ina lid\u00ed z b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku lituje t\u0159icet let po p\u00e1du komunismu p\u0159evratn\u00fdch zm\u011bn z obdob\u00ed mezi lety 1989 a 1991. Lid\u00e9 nicm\u00e9n\u011b nejsou spokojeni ani se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi a ekonomick\u00fdmi pom\u011bry. V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st obyvatel st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy je stejn\u011b jako v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":367,"featured_media":36882,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"V\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatel se hl\u00e1s\u00ed k demokracii a EU, ale mnoz\u00ed se ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 budoucnosti.","sub_title":"V\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatel se hl\u00e1s\u00ed k demokracii a EU, ale mnoz\u00ed se ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 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