{"id":284204,"date":"2026-01-21T09:52:27","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T14:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=284204"},"modified":"2026-03-26T08:08:25","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T12:08:25","slug":"religious-affiliation-in-latin-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-affiliation-in-latin-america\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Religious affiliation in Latin America"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Catholics continue to be the largest religious group in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru \u2013 despite <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2026\/01\/21\/catholicism-has-declined-in-latin-america-over-the-past-decade\/#how-has-the-religious-affiliation-of-latin-americans-changed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">declining as a share of these countries\u2019 adult populations<\/a> over the past decade. Today, Catholics make up between 46% and 67% of adults in the six Latin American countries surveyed.[4. numoffset=&#8221;4&#8243; The survey was conducted in 2024 in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/05\/06\/believing-in-spirits-and-life-after-death-is-common-around-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">36 countries<\/a> around the world. This report focuses on six Latin American countries that include about <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">three-quarters of the total population<\/a> of Latin America and the Caribbean. Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Peru are the region\u2019s five most populous countries. Chile has the region\u2019s seventh-largest population.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religiously unaffiliated adults are the second-largest group in four of the countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico. (The religiously unaffiliated population, sometimes called religious \u201cnones,\u201d is comprised of people who answer a question about their religion by saying they are atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Brazil and Peru, Protestants are the second-largest group. Pew Research Center\u2019s 2024 survey of six Latin American countries also finds that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>One-in-five or fewer adults in each country are Pentecostal Protestants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Religious identity differs by age and education. For example, younger adults are less likely than older adults to identify as Catholic and more likely to be \u201cnones.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Religious switching \u2013 changing from one\u2019s childhood religion to a different religious identity in adulthood \u2013 has led to a net loss for Catholics in every country surveyed, but to net gains for the religiously unaffiliated and Protestants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Catholics who have left their religion are now mostly Protestants or religiously unaffiliated, while former Protestants tend to have become religiously unaffiliated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-style-plus-icon has-border-color has-ui-gray-light-border-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background has-sans-serif-font-family is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-61b01db2 wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);font-size:clamp(0.875em, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.009), 0.88em);\"><summary>About this research<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report describes how the religious affiliation of people in six Latin American countries has changed over the past decade. It also examines their religious beliefs and practices. It focuses on several of the largest countries in the region: Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Peru are the five <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">most populous<\/a> countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, while Chile has the region\u2019s seventh-largest population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why did we do this? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center conducts opinion surveys, demographic studies and other research to better understand the role of religion in public life, among other topics. Some of our recent reports on religion and spirituality around the world have focused on <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/03\/26\/around-the-world-many-people-are-leaving-their-childhood-religions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">religious switching<\/a>, beliefs about <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/05\/06\/believing-in-spirits-and-life-after-death-is-common-around-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">life after death<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/09\/26\/how-people-in-latin-america-and-the-u-s-view-pope-francis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">public opinion on Pope Francis<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more about Pew Research Center<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How did we do this? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report is based mainly on a Pew Research Center survey conducted in spring 2024 that included more than 6,200 Latin American adults (ages 18 and older).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_topline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">questions and responses used for this report<\/a>, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2026\/01\/21\/methodology-religion-in-latin-america\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">survey methodology<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Who funded this work?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis was produced by Pew Research Center as part of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/topic\/religion\/religious-demographics\/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project<\/a>, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world. Funding for the Global Religious Futures project comes from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation (grant 63095). This publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation.<a id=\"_msocom_1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religious-composition-of-each-country&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious-composition-of-each-country\">Religious composition of each country<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Majorities of adults in Mexico (67%), Peru (67%), Colombia (60%) and Argentina (58%) identify as Catholic. In Brazil and Chile, 46% of adults are Catholic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284364\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ede8e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ede8e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-01.png?resize=480,408 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-01.png?resize=782,665 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-01.png?resize=840,714 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"357\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-01.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar chart showing Catholics are still the largest religious group across Latin America\" class=\"wp-image-284364 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Protestants make up smaller shares of the adult population in Latin America, ranging from 9% in Mexico to 29% in Brazil. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico have larger shares of religiously unaffiliated people than of Protestants. For instance, 33% of Chilean adults identify as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d while 19% identify as Protestant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pentecostalism\">Pentecostalism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center estimated the share of Pentecostals in this survey using two questions. We asked all Christians whether they describe themselves as Pentecostal, or not.[5. All Christians surveyed were asked, \u201cWould you describe yourself as Pentecostal, or not?\u201d In this report, we only show Pentecostal <em>Protestants<\/em>. Refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_topline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">topline<\/a> for the percentages of other Christians (including some Catholics) in each country who say they are Pentecostal.] We also asked all Protestants what kind of church they belong to, with one option being \u201ca Pentecostal church, for example, Assemblies of God or the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God.\u201d[6. Refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_topline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">topline<\/a> for the percentages of Protestant adults who say they belong to other types of churches.] If respondents who identified as Protestant said \u201cyes\u201d to the first question (they consider themselves Pentecostal), or they indicated they belong to a Pentecostal church in the second question \u2013 or both \u2013 they were categorized as Pentecostal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As of 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Pentecostalism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pentecostal Protestants<\/a> make up small percentages of the overall populations in the six countries surveyed, ranging from 4% of all adults in Mexico to 19% in Brazil. This group\u2019s relative size has remained fairly stable in the broader landscape since 2013-14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284365\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e5ecef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e5ecef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-02.png?resize=480,811 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-02.png?resize=620,1048 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"524\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-02.png?w=606\" alt=\"Bar chart showing 19% of Brazilians are Pentecostal Protestants\" class=\"wp-image-284365 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet, over the past decade, Pentecostalism appears to have lost some ground <em>within<\/em> Protestantism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284366\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ececeb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ececeb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-03.png?resize=480,595 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-03.png?resize=620,768 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"384\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-03.png?w=620\" alt=\"Table showing that among Protestants in Brazil and Argentina, share who are Pentecostal has decreased since 2013-14\" class=\"wp-image-284366 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2013-14, majorities of Protestant adults in several of the six countries surveyed were Pentecostal. For instance, 71% of Argentine Protestants identified as Pentecostal in 2013-14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, Brazil is the only Latin American country surveyed where a majority of Protestants are Pentecostal (65%).[7. Scholars have suggested a number of possible reasons for this decline, including that many Protestants in the region now <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/uk\/new-ways-of-being-pentecostal-in-latin-america-9798216312680\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">call themselves simply \u201cChristians\u201d<\/a> rather than use labels such as \u201cPentecostal\u201d to describe their religious identity.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the decline in the share of Protestants who are Pentecostal is statistically significant in two countries (Argentina and Brazil), the sample sizes of Protestants are relatively small, so there are <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2026\/01\/21\/methodology-religion-in-latin-america\/#religious-identification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">large margins of error<\/a> [8. The survey included 148 Protestants in Argentina, 313 Protestants in Brazil, 192 Protestants in Chile, 178 Protestants in Colombia and 184 Protestants in Peru.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-religious-identity-differs-by-age-gender-and-education\">How religious identity differs by age, gender and education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In all six Latin American countries surveyed, younger adults are much less likely than older adults to identify as Catholic. For example, 59% of Mexican adults ages 18 to 34 say they are Catholic, compared with 77% of Mexicans ages 50 and older.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284367\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f1f0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f1f0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-04.png?resize=480,790 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-04.png?resize=782,1287 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-04.png?resize=840,1382 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"691\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-04.png?w=622\" alt=\"Table showing younger adults in Latin America are less likely than older adults to identify as Catholic\" class=\"wp-image-284367 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Younger adults are more likely than older adults to identify as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular.\u201d For instance, 33% of Colombian adults under 35 say they are religiously unaffiliated, compared with 10% of Colombians 50 and older.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are no significant differences by age in the shares of adults who identify as Protestant in each country, or who identify as Pentecostal Protestants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general, there are no significant differences in the shares of Latin American men and women who identify as Catholic, Protestant or religiously unaffiliated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Argentina, Chile and Peru, people with more education are less likely to be Protestant. Just 12% of Argentine adults with higher levels of education (i.e., those who have completed secondary school) are Protestant, versus 20% of Argentines with lower levels of education.[9. Secondary education is the equivalent of high school in the United States.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the same token, adults with higher levels of education are more likely than those with lower levels to be religiously unaffiliated in five of the six countries. In Argentina, 28% of adults with more education are \u201cnones,\u201d compared with 18% of Argentines who have less education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are no differences by education level in the shares of adults who identify as Catholic in any of the countries surveyed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Refer to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1fiVHaVPa3NiPfgNCapTqVz9DV9Ppw81TwoTVKKeheD8\/edit?pli=1&amp;gid=1048563181#gid=1048563181\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">detailed tables<\/a>&nbsp;for more information about how religious affiliation varies by frequency of prayer and across demographic groups.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religious-switching&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious-switching\">Religious switching<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Change in a country\u2019s religious landscape is a result of many factors, including people moving from one religion to another, or from one religion to no religion. The analysis of \u201creligious switching\u201d in this report focuses on the change between the religious group in which a person says they were raised (during their childhood) and their religious identity now (in adulthood).[10. We use the term \u201creligious switching\u201d instead of \u201cconversion\u201d because the changes can take place in many directions \u2013 including from having been raised in a religion to being unaffiliated.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the six Latin American countries surveyed, more people have <em>left<\/em> Catholicism since childhood than joined. As a result, Catholicism has experienced an overall (or \u201cnet\u201d) loss of adherents due to religious switching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284368\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-05.png?resize=480,718 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-05.png?resize=782,1169 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-05.png?resize=840,1256 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"628\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-05.png?w=685\" alt=\"Table showing religious switching has led to increases for Protestants and unaffiliated people in Latin America\" class=\"wp-image-284368 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Chile, for instance, more people have&nbsp;left&nbsp;Catholicism (26% of all Chilean adults) than have&nbsp;entered&nbsp;the faith (2%), a net loss for Catholics that is equivalent to 24% of Chile\u2019s total adult population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the flip side, Protestants and the religiously unaffiliated have experienced a net <em>gain<\/em> in most Latin American countries surveyed because of religious switching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, in Brazil, 6% of all adults say they were raised Protestant but no longer identify as such, while 15% of all Brazilian adults say they were <em>not<\/em> raised Protestant but are now Protestants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, the religiously unaffiliated category has grown because of religious switching: 4% of Mexican adults say they were raised atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d compared with 20% who are religiously unaffiliated today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Related:<\/em><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/03\/26\/around-the-world-many-people-are-leaving-their-childhood-religions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Around the World, Many People Are Leaving Their Childhood Religions<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details id=\"factors-driving-religious-change\" class=\"wp-block-details is-style-plus-icon has-border-color has-ui-gray-light-border-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background has-sans-serif-font-family is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-61b01db2 wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);font-size:clamp(0.875em, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.009), 0.88em);\"><summary>Factors driving religious change<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Change \u2013 and stability \u2013 in the religious landscape of any given country is the result of many factors, including <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/03\/26\/around-the-world-many-people-are-leaving-their-childhood-religions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">religious switching<\/a> (changing from one\u2019s childhood religion to another religion or no religion), <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">migration rates<\/a> (how many people in each religious group are moving into and out of a particular country or region), <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2018\/06\/13\/the-age-gap-in-religion-around-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">age structure<\/a> (variations in the demographic makeup of religious groups by age and sex), <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/main-factors-driving-population-growth\/#25adc7131dab493955d5e58f94b307e6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fertility rates<\/a> (the number of children born to women in different religious groups), and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/main-factors-driving-population-growth\/#e9a82b712ede1a7ccb13adeb8cc4fbb3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mortality rates<\/a> (whether people in some religious groups live longer than others).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/christian-population-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">religious switching among Christians<\/a> has led to declines in many parts of the world, as rising numbers of Christians have become religiously unaffiliated. In the United States, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/muslim-migrants-around-the-world\/#destinations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Muslim<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/buddhist-migrants-around-the-world\/#destinations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Buddhist<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/hindu-migrants-around-the-world\/#destinations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hindu<\/a> populations are expanding in large part due to migration. And in some European countries, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/04\/05\/the-changing-global-religious-landscape\/#regional-and-country-level-patterns-of-births-and-deaths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">more Christians are dying than being born each year<\/a>, reflecting the continent\u2019s low fertility rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Read more about the factors driving religious change around the world in these Pew Research Center reports:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/02\/26\/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-do-former-catholics-and-protestants-identify-now\">How do former Catholics and Protestants identify now?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Former Catholics in Latin America tend to identify as either religiously unaffiliated or Protestant, while former Protestants tend to have become \u201cnones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specifically, in four of the Latin American countries, more former Catholics have <em>disaffiliated<\/em> \u2013 meaning they left the religion of their childhood and are now religiously unaffiliated \u2013 than have switched to Protestantism or another religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284369\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-06.png?resize=480,474 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-06.png?resize=782,773 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-06.png?resize=840,830 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"415\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-06.png?w=840\" alt=\"Table showing many former Catholics and Protestants in Latin America have become religiously unaffiliated\" class=\"wp-image-284369 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, 15% of all Mexican adults say they were raised Catholic and are now religiously unaffiliated, while just 4% of Mexicans say they were raised Catholic but are now Protestant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brazil is the only country where significantly <em>more <\/em>former Catholics have become Protestant (13% of all Brazilian adults) than have become religiously unaffiliated (7%). In Peru, former Catholics are about as likely to be Protestant (9% of all Peruvian adults) as to be \u201cnones\u201d (7%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, former Protestants in Latin America are generally more likely to have disaffiliated than to have become Catholic. For instance, 5% of all Chileans say they were raised Protestant and are now atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d compared with 1% of former Protestants in Chile who now identify as Catholic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"retention-rates\">Retention rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another way of measuring religious change is to calculate retention rates: Among all the people who say they were raised in a particular religious group, what percentage still describe themselves as belonging to that group today? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=284370\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeeeee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeeeee;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-07.png?resize=480,365 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-07.png?resize=782,594 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-07.png?resize=840,638 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"319\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_01-07.png?w=840\" alt=\"Table showing that in Argentina, Colombia and Peru, Catholics are more likely than Protestants to retain their religious identity\" class=\"wp-image-284370 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the region, most people who were brought up Catholic or Protestant have retained the same religious identity as adults.[11. The sample size of adults who were raised religiously unaffiliated is only large enough for reliable analysis in two countries: In Argentina, the unaffiliated retention rate is 63%, while in Chile, it\u2019s 83%.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the countries surveyed, between 63% and 78% of people who were raised Catholic still identify as Catholic today. Similarly, between 55% and 70% of those who say they were raised Protestant still describe themselves as Protestant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Catholics remain the largest religious group in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, while second-largest groups 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Religious affiliation in Latin America","slug":"religious-affiliation-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-affiliation-in-latin-america\/","is_active":true},{"id":284205,"title":"2. Religious and spiritual beliefs in Latin America","slug":"religious-and-spiritual-beliefs-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-and-spiritual-beliefs-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false},{"id":284206,"title":"3. Religious and spiritual practices in Latin America","slug":"religious-and-spiritual-practices-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-and-spiritual-practices-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false},{"id":284207,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-religion-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/acknowledgments-religion-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false},{"id":284208,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-religion-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/methodology-religion-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_vcjxwuacb","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":284708},{"key":"_rl95jnd94","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_topline.pdf","label":"Topline","attachmentId":283509},{"key":"_7oyfim9dj","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1fiVHaVPa3NiPfgNCapTqVz9DV9Ppw81TwoTVKKeheD8\/edit?pli=1&gid=1048563181#gid=1048563181","label":"Detailed tables","icon":"detailedTable"},{"key":"_pxnylt1hy","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_main-findings-spanish.pdf","label":"Spanish main findings: El catolicismo ha perdido fieles en Am\u00e9rica Latina durante la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada","icon":"detailedTable"},{"key":"_mnw31tk9h","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/01\/PR_2026.01.21_religion-in-latin-america_main-findings-portuguese.pdf","label":"Portuguese main findings: O catolicismo diminuiu na Am\u00e9rica Latina na \u00faltima d\u00e9cada","icon":"detailedTable"},{"type":"dataset","id":2789,"label":"Spring 2024 Survey Data","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/spring-2024-survey-data\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":284204,"title":"1. Religious affiliation in Latin America","slug":"religious-affiliation-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-affiliation-in-latin-america\/","is_active":true,"page_num":2},"next_post":{"id":284205,"title":"2. Religious and spiritual beliefs in Latin America","slug":"religious-and-spiritual-beliefs-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-and-spiritual-beliefs-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},"previous_post":{"id":284200,"title":"Catholicism Has Declined in Latin America Over the Past Decade","slug":"catholicism-has-declined-in-latin-america-over-the-past-decade","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/catholicism-has-declined-in-latin-america-over-the-past-decade\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},"pagination_items":[{"id":284200,"title":"Catholicism Has Declined in Latin America Over the Past Decade","slug":"catholicism-has-declined-in-latin-america-over-the-past-decade","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/catholicism-has-declined-in-latin-america-over-the-past-decade\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":284204,"title":"1. 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Religious and spiritual practices in Latin America","slug":"religious-and-spiritual-practices-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/religious-and-spiritual-practices-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":284207,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-religion-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/acknowledgments-religion-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":284208,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-religion-in-latin-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2026\/01\/21\/methodology-religion-in-latin-america\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Catholicism Has Declined in Latin America Over the Past Decade","parent_id":284200},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"Lesage, Kirsten, Jonathan Evans, Manolo Corichi and Skylar Thomas.  2026.  \"Catholicism Has Declined in Latin America Over the Past Decade.\"  Pew Research Center. doi: 10.58094\/93ce-0a97.","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Religious identity and switching in Latin American countries","description":"Catholics remain the largest religious group in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, while second-largest groups vary.","og_title":"1. 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