{"id":28064,"date":"2023-03-22T09:56:55","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T14:56:55","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-23T23:55:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T03:55:13","slug":"young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/","title":{"rendered":"Young Adults in Europe Are Critical of the U.S. and China \u2013 but for Different Reasons"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-prc-block-subtitle\" aria-level=\"2\">Focus group findings from France, Germany and the United Kingdom<\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center has been conducting quantitative research on views of international cooperation, the United States and China over the past two decades. We held 12 focus groups from Nov. 8 to Nov. 18, 2022, in the capital cities of France (Paris), Germany (Berlin) and the United Kingdom (London), with four groups per country. Groups were organized by ideological affiliation \u2013 left or right \u2013 and views toward their own country\u2019s involvement in world affairs \u2013 \u201cinternationally engaged\u201d or \u201cdomestically focused\u201d. See the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-people-us-china-methodology\/\">Methodology<\/a> for more information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Focus groups were also held in the U.S. (Arlington, Virginia) in December 2022. For findings from discussions with young people in all four countries on international engagement and multilateralism, see \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/08\/how-young-adults-want-their-country-to-engage-with-the-world\/\">How Young Adults Want Their Country To Engage With the World<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The conversations among group participants were video recorded, transcribed and translated. The final data sent to Pew Research Center was anonymized. The Center analyzed the transcripts (in English) for key themes. Our analysis is not a fact check of participants\u2019 views.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While we do highlight sentiments expressed by individual participants in the report, they are meant to be representative of the themes discussed in the group more broadly. Nonetheless, quotations are not necessarily representative of the majority opinion in any particular group or country. Quotations may have been edited for grammar, spelling and clarity.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Young people ages 18 to 29 in British, French and German focus groups have few positive things to say about the United States or China as major players on the world stage. The U.S. is seen as the \u201cworld\u2019s policeman\u201d with a self-interested history of interventionism that is disappointing to Western allies, while China is labeled the \u201cworld\u2019s factory,\u201d respected for its economic dominance but strongly criticized for its expansionism and record of human rights violations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignright has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-17d60f91 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cChina is stronger in industry; the U.S. is stronger militarily.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<cite><em>Man, France, 27<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In November 2022, Pew Research Center conducted focus group sessions among <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-people-us-china-methodology\/\">four distinct ideological groups<\/a> in the capital cities of France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The groups, which were convened to better understand how young people want their countries to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/08\/how-young-adults-want-their-country-to-engage-with-the-world\/\">engage with the world<\/a>, revealed a series of nuanced and conflicting opinions about international engagement, the nature of that engagement, history and foreign policy priorities. But, when groups were asked to discuss the roles the U.S. and China play in global affairs and the international impact of their actions, the young participants expressed strong critiques of both major powers, regardless of country or ideological group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35095\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-01-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0edea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0edea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-01.png?resize=480,263 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-01.png?resize=782,428 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-01.png?resize=960,525 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-01.png?resize=1200,656 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-01.png?resize=1280,700 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"350\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-01.png?w=640\" alt=\"Map showing focus groups held in France, Germany and the UK often discussed the U.S. and China as major actors on the world stage\" class=\"wp-image-35095 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">China has received <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2022\/09\/28\/how-global-public-opinion-of-china-has-shifted-in-the-xi-era\/\">increasingly negative ratings<\/a> in Pew Research Center surveys in Europe over the past few years, and the focus groups shed light on the deep concerns young people have about Beijing\u2019s human rights record, China\u2019s growing economic might and its policies in Taiwan, Hong Kong and elsewhere. Focus group participants are largely pessimistic about future relations with China. But there is also a strong sense of pragmatism among these young adults who have largely resigned themselves to China\u2019s economic power and see few, if any, ways to disentangle relations with China without collapsing their own economies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">America\u2019s image in Europe has, in contrast, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2022\/06\/22\/international-public-opinion-of-the-u-s-remains-positive\/\">improved markedly<\/a> in recent years, following the election of President Joe Biden. He is much more popular than his predecessor, former President Donald Trump, and Biden\u2019s more multilateralist <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/06\/10\/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden\/#bidens-foreign-policy-agenda-broadly-popular-across-advanced-economies\">approach to foreign policy<\/a> is welcomed by most Europeans. And on a variety of survey questions we\u2019ve asked in Europe over time \u2013 such as questions about <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2021\/11\/02\/most-people-in-advanced-economies-think-their-own-government-respects-personal-freedoms\/\">human rights<\/a> and which country should be the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2018\/10\/01\/most-prefer-that-u-s-not-china-be-the-worlds-leading-power\/\">world\u2019s leading power<\/a> \u2013 the U.S. gets significantly higher marks than China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Related: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/08\/how-young-adults-want-their-country-to-engage-with-the-world\/\">How Young Adults Want Their Country To Engage With the World<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the focus groups reveal ongoing concerns about the way America has used its power in world affairs, often discussing U.S. actions abroad as a point of comparison with their own countries. Focus group participants echo a criticism of the U.S. we\u2019ve regularly seen in our surveys: Most believe the U.S. does not <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/06\/10\/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden\/#only-about-a-third-say-the-u-s-considers-their-interests-in-foreign-policy\">take allies\u2019 interests into account when making foreign policy decisions<\/a>. And participants are especially <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/08\/17\/a-year-later-a-look-back-at-public-opinion-about-the-u-s-military-exit-from-afghanistan\/\">critical of U.S. military interventions<\/a>, such as Iraq and Afghanistan. Again, echoing themes from survey research, some participants also express concerns about the state of American <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/11\/01\/what-people-around-the-world-like-and-dislike-about-american-society-and-politics\/\">politics and society<\/a>. Many suggest the U.S. has been hypocritical in the past, arguing for human rights and democracy abroad without fixing its problems at home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regardless of these criticisms, however, young Europeans want to engage and cooperate with the U.S., and they remain cautiously optimistic about the future of trans-Atlantic relations because the U.S. and Europe share fundamental democratic values. And, in many ways, the criticisms they levy against the U.S. are similar to ones that people \u2013 especially those on the left \u2013 have <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/08\/how-young-adults-want-their-country-to-engage-with-the-world\/\">of their own government<\/a>, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"young-europeans-do-not-approve-of-the-united-states-role-as-the-world-s-policeman\">Young Europeans do not approve of the United States\u2019 role as the \u201cworld\u2019s policeman\u201d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35102\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-03-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"cdd3d6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #cdd3d6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-03.png?resize=480,533 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-03.png?resize=620,688 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"344\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-03.png?w=310\" alt=\"Graphic showing the U.S. is recognized as the \u201cworld\u2019s policeman\u201d by young adults in France, the UK and Germany.\" class=\"wp-image-35102 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Though surveys find that majorities in France, Germany and the UK have <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2022\/06\/22\/international-public-opinion-of-the-u-s-remains-positive\/\">favorable views of the U.S.<\/a>, America\u2019s role on the world stage is described in mostly negative terms by the focus group participants. Across all three countries and four ideological groupings, young Europeans are steadfast in the opinion that the U.S. acts as the world\u2019s policeman to the detriment of the world community. One young Briton said clearly, \u201cI think on balance, [they] probably hurt more than they help.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One French man said, \u201cThey\u2019ve started wars that were completely illegal, against the opinion of the UN even, without any mandate.\u201d A German woman added that the U.S. generally \u201cfinds themselves too great\u201d and \u201cinterferes wherever they want, just because of their military power.\u201d For his part, one young man in Germany noted that \u201ca lot is swept under the carpet. They\u2019ve got their fingers everywhere in the world. It\u2019s not so clean.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35098\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-02-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e9e7e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e9e7e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-02.png?resize=480,536 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-02.png?resize=620,692 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"346\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-02.png?w=310\" alt=\"Bar chart showing majorities of young adults in France, the UK and Germany say the United State's Afghanistan withdrawal was poorly executed\" class=\"wp-image-35098 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United States\u2019 actions in Iraq and Afghanistan, and its consequent withdrawal, were often pointed to as examples of this behavior. Majorities in each country considered the U.S. withdrawal poorly executed, according to Spring 2022 data from the Center, and the young people in the focus groups described both the withdrawal and the entire 20-year U.S. history in the country in forceful terms. One Briton framed it as \u201cshort-term help, long-term hurt.\u201d Another French man said, \u201cWe saw with Iraq, they came in and left the country in ruins.\u201d And a German man called the decision to withdraw from Afghanistan \u201ca huge failure of a [20]-year long project. They just went away and the country was taken overnight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There was <em>some<\/em> reflection on the fact that each of these countries played their own role in Iraq and Afghanistan and have their own histories of military intervention. Still, the sense is that the charge was led by the U.S., as exemplified by a young Briton who said, in reference to his country\u2019s presence in Iraq, \u201cI think we can get influenced by larger countries, that we\u2019re supposedly allies with, into conflicts that we shouldn\u2019t really have involvement with.\u201d Across the board, young people want to avoid military interventions, even among those eager for their countries to engage on the world stage. A young German woman questioned the extent to which intervening is beneficial, even \u201cin countries where terrorism is high.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, a few French individuals did highlight some of the potential benefits of American interventionism, focusing more on America as a strong power that can take forceful action. For example, noting U.S. support for Taiwan\u2019s security, one French man said, \u201cI think the only time the U.S. did well to intervene was regarding Taiwan \u2026 I think that if the U.S. hadn\u2019t shown their support, Taiwan would have been part of China by now.\u201d And one French woman shared respect for the idea of an \u201cAmerica first\u201d policy,\u201d suggesting it \u201cis something France should do and be more strategic about.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35105\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-04-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e8e7e7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e8e7e7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-04.png?resize=480,875 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-04.png?resize=620,1130 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"565\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-04.png?w=310\" alt=\"Graphic showing some young adults in the UK, France and Germany suggest the U.S. lacks credibility abroad due to problems at home\" class=\"wp-image-35105 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disapproval of American interventionism among the focus group participants is tied clearly to their sense that U.S. actions abroad are self-interested. Center surveys have long found that people <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/06\/10\/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden\/#only-about-a-third-say-the-u-s-considers-their-interests-in-foreign-policy\">do not think the U.S. takes other countries\u2019 interests into account<\/a> when making foreign policy decisions; this theme was on full display in the focus groups. One German woman said she has \u201cthe impression that the U.S. doesn\u2019t cooperate with anybody.\u201d A French woman added that American interventions \u201caren\u2019t in cooperation, it\u2019s just themselves\u201d and a Briton called it \u201cjust a power thing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Critiques of U.S. interventionism are particularly strong among internationally engaged Europeans who called out hypocrisy in the United States\u2019 practice of addressing issues around the world while failing to tackle social inequities at home. In recent years, Center surveys have shown that people from these countries do not see the U.S. as a positive actor or example on <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/09\/14\/in-response-to-climate-change-citizens-in-advanced-economies-are-willing-to-alter-how-they-live-and-work\/\">climate<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/11\/01\/what-people-around-the-world-like-and-dislike-about-american-society-and-politics\/pg_2021-11-01_soft-power_0-12\/\">health care<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/11\/01\/what-people-around-the-world-like-and-dislike-about-american-society-and-politics\/pg_2021-11-01_soft-power_0-16\/\">civil rights<\/a>. Take, for example, a French woman who called the U.S. a bad example for \u201chuman rights, in general.\u201d When asked why, she said \u201cthey\u2019ve gone back on abortion rights.\u201d Others called out the United States\u2019 lack of climate action, high rates of gun violence, inequitable health care system or even the fact that schools in poor areas get less funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35108\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-05-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae9e9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae9e9;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-05.png?resize=480,864 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-05.png?resize=620,1116 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"558\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-05.png?w=310\" alt=\"Graphic showing young French, German and British adults seek international influence independent of the U.S.\" class=\"wp-image-35108 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The focus groups\u2019 discussions led to a common conclusion: Young people are eager to see their countries maintain a strong, more independent presence on the world stage without relying on policy cues from the U.S. When describing his wishes for the UK, one Briton said, \u201cI guess it\u2019s not being like America and trying to save everyone, but offering help to people in need and communicating, sharing intelligence and collaborating on things that are world issues, whether that\u2019s climate change or something else.\u201d For her part, a young German woman called cooperation with the U.S. \u201csometimes useless, except for defining how we definitely don\u2019t want to act.\u201d &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, most in these countries see the U.S. as at least a somewhat <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2021\/06\/30\/large-majorities-say-china-does-not-respect-the-personal-freedoms-of-its-people\/#most-prefer-close-economic-relationship-with-u-s--not-china\">reliable and important partner to their country<\/a>. And while there is a desire to disentangle their policies and reputations from the U.S., young people maintain the expectation of some trans-Atlantic partnership. One German suggested that \u201cin foreign policy, we should keep a healthy closeness to them, because they have a lot of influence in the whole world.\u201d Similarly, though few like the way the U.S. has utilized its military strength, there is a shared sense that it is \u201cthe most powerful\u201d and is important to have as an ally. A young German internationalist called it \u201cquite useful\u201d to have \u201cthe biggest military force \u2026 within the Western community.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One pain point in relations with the U.S. that came up in each country was leadership. Confidence in the U.S. president reached <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2020\/09\/15\/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly\/\">historic or near historic lows<\/a> in Center surveys during Trump\u2019s four-year term. In focus groups, one Briton said he thought it was a joke \u201cwhen the U.S. elected Trump.\u201d A French man cited Trump\u2019s presidency as reasoning for France to have a strong presence on the world stage saying they \u201cwould suffer the consequences of the choices of other powers, such as the U.S., as we saw with Donald Trump, we had a lot of difficulty dealing with him, even though his decisions had a direct impact on Europe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35110\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-06-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f1f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f1f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-06.png?resize=480,313 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-06.png?resize=782,510 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-06.png?resize=960,626 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-06.png?resize=1200,782 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-06.png?resize=1280,834 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"417\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-06.png?w=640\" alt=\"Line chart showing Biden receives much higher ratings than Trump, although young Europeans are less confident in his leadership than older Europeans\" class=\"wp-image-35110 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And, while confidence in the U.S. president jumped dramatically when Biden took office in 2021, it has since tempered, especially among young people. In Germany and France, those ages 18 to 29 are much less likely than those 50 or older to be confident in Biden\u2019s leadership. While young adults are at least 30 percentage points more confident in Biden than they were in Trump in 2020, when the groups mentioned Biden, they often qualified their generally warm feelings with disappointment, with some suggesting he has done little to counteract Trump\u2019s course. As one French respondent shared that, at this point, \u201cI don\u2019t even think U.S. policy changes that much when leaders change. It\u2019s more the approach that changes but Biden won\u2019t necessarily shift every policy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"young-europeans-concerned-by-china-s-power-as-the-world-s-factory\">Young Europeans concerned by China\u2019s power as the \u201cworld\u2019s factory\u201d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35112\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-07-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eae6e6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eae6e6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-07.png?resize=480,564 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-07.png?resize=620,728 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"364\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-07.png?w=310\" alt=\"Graphic showing China considered \u201cworld\u2019s factory\u201d by young French, German and British adults\" class=\"wp-image-35112 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whereas focus group participants heavily focused on the United States\u2019 role as \u201cthe world\u2019s policeman,\u201d they discussed China more often as \u201cthe world\u2019s factory.\u201d This is driven by both its dominance in manufacturing and exporting goods as well as its investment and infrastructure building around the world. When surveyed, pluralities in Germany, France and the UK called China the world\u2019s leading economic power over the U.S., European Union and Japan. Put simply, one French woman said, \u201cEverything is Chinese.\u201d Another Briton referenced China as \u201cproducers of technology and clothes\u201d saying that \u201cthey have these giant industrial cities where they churn stuff out at a rate and price which other countries basically see as a deal that\u2019s too good to refuse.\u201d Technology emerged as a common thread in discussions about China\u2019s production power, and multiple participants mentioned the role China plays in the manufacturing of technology products from American and European companies such as Apple and Nokia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35114\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-08-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6e8dc\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6e8dc;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-08.png?resize=480,359 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-08.png?resize=782,585 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-08.png?resize=840,628 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"314\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-08.png?w=420\" alt=\"In 2020, many in key European countries saw China as the top economy\" class=\"wp-image-35114 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Young Europeans are also wary of China\u2019s investment around the world. A German man said he \u201cfinds it extremely dangerous that they try to buy or build up infrastructure in every country. In Africa they are building roads, in Greece they have bought harbors and have agreed to assume Greece\u2019s debts. And they have also tried to buy harbors in Germany.\u201d This sort of lending was also an issue for a French woman who noted that \u201cbecause they have money, they allow long loans in exchange for ports or infrastructure,\u201d continuing that \u201cthere\u2019s nothing fair and honorable in the way the government is managed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35116\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-09-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"cdd4db\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #cdd4db;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-09.png?resize=480,495 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-09.png?resize=620,640 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"320\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-09.png?w=310\" alt=\"Bar chart showing majorities of young adults in the UK, France and Germany say China does not respect its own people\u2019s personal freedoms\" class=\"wp-image-35116 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Underpinning the wariness of China\u2019s economic dominance are severe critiques of the country on two fronts: domestic human rights abuses and military action in the South China Sea. In a 2021 survey, more than eight-in-ten Germans, Britons and French say China does not respect the personal freedoms of its people. This view was espoused by one young British woman who said, \u201cWhat they do to Muslim people there, concentration camps and invading Hong Kong \u2026 I think they\u2019re great in terms of commodities but crap in terms of human rights.\u201d In a similar vein, a French man said he thinks of China as \u201ca dictatorship, which carried out a genocide on its own soil.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same man noted that China \u201cwants to invade Taiwan \u2026, contests the statue of Hong Kong [and] Macau\u201d and that \u201cit doesn\u2019t have any legitimacy to intervene.\u201d Unlike the U.S., China\u2019s military was rarely mentioned. When participants did bring up the Chinese military, it was often in reference to Taiwan. A British man shared his view, saying that in \u201csituations sort of like China and Taiwan, everyone\u2019s too afraid to get involved \u2026 and Taiwan is this tiny little piece of land where China is doing ballistic missile tests every week now just to show their strength.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is agreement that these actions are bad but many young participants, particularly those on the ideological left, are clear that their own countries and the U.S. are not above the same criticisms. A French man said \u201cwe blame them for things we do ourselves, we blame [them] for their aggression towards certain countries, which is true, but we are also very aggressive, we wage war to many countries in the West more generally.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-35119\" href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/pg_2023-03-22_young-people-us-china_0-10-png\/\"><img data-dominant-color=\"b8b8b9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #b8b8b9;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-10.png?resize=480,1050 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-10.png?resize=620,1356 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"678\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_0-10.png?w=310\" alt=\"Graphic showing China\u2019s manufacturing power seen as inescapable by young European adults\" class=\"wp-image-35119 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When asked to look toward the future and consider their countries\u2019 ongoing relationships with China, the young focus group participants acknowledge the struggle of balancing China\u2019s human rights track record with their economic power. In fact, when asked to choose between promoting human rights in China regardless of economic consequence and prioritizing economic relations over addressing human rights issues in a recent survey, majorities in each of these countries chose the former. Some are optimistic that their country could, to some degree, achieve this through multilateralism and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2022\/06\/29\/across-19-countries-more-people-see-the-u-s-than-china-favorably-but-more-see-chinas-influence-growing\/\">strengthening economic ties<\/a> with other major actors, like the U.S. A French man noted that \u201cfacing against China could be complicated,\u201d suggesting that his country \u201ccould get closer to key institutions, the EU for example, to try to have more power, among others, to try and change the balance a bit, because France alone wouldn\u2019t have much impact against \u2026 the force of the Chinese economy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More commonly, participants feel that some morally driven stand against China would be nice, but when asked to describe how that would happen, they acknowledge that untying their countries and themselves from China economically is not a pragmatic goal. Put simply by a young British man: \u201cIt\u2019s quite easy to point fingers but once again, what would we actually do without them?\u201d Another Briton called the price of material goods coming from China \u201ca deal that\u2019s too good to refuse.\u201d A German man posited that \u201cif [China] were to sanction, then the German economy would crash from one day to the next and also many other countries, because a lot comes from China.\u201d In that vein, some level of cooperation with China seems to be just as inevitable as partnership with the U.S. to young Europeans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Focus groups with young adults in France, Germany and the United Kingdom revealed that these young people see the U.S. as the \u201cworld\u2019s policeman\u201d with a self-interested history of interventionism, while China is labeled the \u201cworld\u2019s factory,\u201d respected for its economic dominance but criticized for its expansionism and human rights violations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":578,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"Focus group findings from France, Germany and the United Kingdom","sub_title":"Focus group findings from France, Germany and the United Kingdom","_crdt_document":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[{"key":"_sihrvxyf5","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/08\/how-young-adults-want-their-country-to-engage-with-the-world\/","postId":426253,"title":"How Young Adults Want Their Country To Engage With the World","date":"2023-03-08T09:04:26","label":"Data 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Adults in Europe Are Critical of the U.S. and China \u2013 but for Different Reasons","slug":"young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-adults-in-europe-are-critical-of-the-u-s-and-china-but-for-different-reasons\/","is_active":true},{"id":28060,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"young-people-us-china-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-people-us-china-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":28054,"title":"Methodology","slug":"young-people-us-china-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2023\/03\/22\/young-people-us-china-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_8obzvv59y","type":"report","attachmentId":35124,"url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/03\/PG_2023.03.22_Young-People-US-China_REPORT.pdf","label":"","icon":""}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":28064,"title":"Young 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