{"id":273083,"date":"2025-09-04T09:50:34","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T13:50:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=273083"},"modified":"2026-02-06T13:40:39","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T18:40:39","slug":"what-do-religious-nones-believe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/09\/04\/what-do-religious-nones-believe\/","title":{"rendered":"1. What do religious \u2018nones\u2019 believe?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

What are religious \u2018nones\u2019?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNones\u201d are adults who describe themselves religiously as atheist, agnostic or \u201cnothing in particular.\u201d This report uses the terms \u201cnones\u201d and \u201creligiously unaffiliated\u201d interchangeably.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Many \u201cnones\u201d express a variety of religious or spiritual beliefs. For example, in many of the 22 countries analyzed by Pew Research Center in this report, sizable shares of \u201cnones\u201d say they believe that something spiritual exists beyond the natural world<\/a>, and that animals and parts of nature can have spirits or spiritual energies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Bar<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Belief in an afterlife<\/a> is also relatively widespread among religiously unaffiliated adults in the countries included in the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, in a few countries, majorities of \u201cnones\u201d believe in spells, curses or other magic. And roughly a quarter or more of religiously unaffiliated adults in most of the countries discussed in this report believe that the spirits of ancestors can help or harm them. In one country \u2013 South Africa \u2013 81% of \u201cnones\u201d express belief in the power of ancestral spirits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In general, religiously unaffiliated people around the world are less likely to hold religious and spiritual beliefs than are people in the same countries who identify with a religion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, \u201cnones\u201d are less likely to believe in God than people who identify with a religion in each of the 22 countries where our survey included enough \u201cnones\u201d for reliable analysis. In Italy, for instance, 16% of \u201cnones\u201d believe in God, compared with 91% of religiously affiliated adults \u2013 a difference of 75 percentage points.[10. numoffset=”10″ The translation of \u201c<\/em>God\u201d depended on each country\u2019s linguistic and cultural context. In societies grounded in Abrahamic religious traditions (i.e., those with large shares of Christians, Jews or Muslims), the survey used terms like \u201cGod,\u201d \u201cGott,\u201d \u201cDios,\u201d \u201cDieu\u201d and \u201cAllah.\u201d In East Asia, we used as generic a term as possible for \u201cgod\u201d in each language, avoiding terms that refer to a specific religion\u2019s god(s) or goddess(es).]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The differences persist, but are smaller, in countries such as Argentina, where most \u201cnones\u201d (62%) and even higher shares of the religiously affiliated (99%) believe in God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similar patterns prevail on other beliefs the survey measured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within the broad category of \u201cnones,\u201d people who identify as atheists generally are less likely than people who describe their religion as \u201cnothing in particular\u201d to hold some spiritual and religious beliefs.[11. The surveys, conducted in 2023 and 2024, included a total of 36 countries<\/a>, but this report focuses on the 22 countries where our surveys had large enough samples of religiously unaffiliated adults to break out and analyze their results separately. Of the 22 countries, 20 also have sufficient sample sizes to break out results for people who say their religion is \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d 10 have samples large enough to break out self-identified atheists, and five have samples large enough to break out agnostics.] For example, in Australia, 14% of atheists say there is life after death, while 37% of people who say their religion is \u201cnothing in particular\u201d believe in an afterlife.[12. However, the differences between atheists and people in the \u201cnothing in particular\u201d category are generally less pronounced and more inconsistent on survey questions about religious and spiritual practices, and on questions about the relationship between religion and society.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Self-described agnostics sometimes are similar to atheists and sometimes differ from them on the wide range of beliefs discussed in this report. We have enough agnostics in our survey samples to provide detailed analyses of their views in only five of the 22 countries surveyed. For country-by-country survey results among agnostics, atheists and people who identify religiously as \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d go to the report topline<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within a country\u2019s population of \u201cnones,\u201d there are often wide gaps in belief between two other subgroups: those who say religion is not at all<\/em> important in their lives, and those who attribute even a little (or more) personal importance to religion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

For example, \u201cnones\u201d who view religion as not at all important are much less likely than other \u201cnones\u201d to say there is definitely or probably an afterlife.[13. The survey asked respondents whether they believe there \u201cdefinitely is,\u201d \u201cprobably is,\u201d \u201cprobably is not,\u201d or \u201cdefinitely is not\u201d life after death. The question did not specify any particular version of what life after death might be like.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The survey findings also indicate that women who are \u201cnones\u201d generally are more likely than men who are \u201cnones\u201d to express a variety of beliefs. Among \u201cnones\u201d in Singapore, for instance, women are about twice as likely as men to believe that spirits can inhabit objects such as crystals, jewels or stones (45% vs. 21%). This pattern is consistent with our previous studies<\/a> showing that women tend to be more religious than men in many countries, particularly within Christian populations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(The religious and spiritual beliefs of \u201cnones\u201d are also discussed in this report\u2019s Overview<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Jump to sections on: <\/strong>Belief in God<\/a> | Belief in ancestral spirits<\/a> |
Belief in other kinds of spirits<\/a> | How the beliefs of \u2018nones\u2019 vary by gender<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Belief in God<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In most of the 22 countries analyzed, at least one-in-five religious \u201cnones\u201d say they believe in God<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, among \u201cnones\u201d who describe their religious identity as \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d the share expressing belief in God varies widely by country. For example, people in the \u201cnothing in particular\u201d category in Latin American countries are a lot more likely than those in European countries to believe in God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

One possible explanation for these regional differences is that belief in God is more widespread throughout the general populations (including among religiously affiliated adults) in Latin American countries than in European ones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For instance, nearly universal shares of Christians in all six Latin American countries surveyed express belief in God. Smaller majorities of Christians (about three-quarters) express belief in God in France, Germany and Hungary, while in Sweden, just 58% of self-identified Christians say they believe in God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In general, across the countries with survey samples large enough to enable comparisons between atheists and people who say their religion is \u201cnothing in particular,\u201d atheists are less likely than the \u201cnothing in particular\u201d group to believe in God. For example, in the United Kingdom, 8% of atheists express belief in God, compared with 32% of adults who identify with no particular religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Even though atheism is commonly understood to mean not<\/em> believing in God, small shares of respondents in many places say they are atheists in answer to a religious identification question, yet they say they believe in God or affirm other religious or spiritual beliefs in response to other questions. Some scholars of religion argue that inconsistency or \u201cincongruence<\/a>\u201d actually is the norm, not the exception, when one looks deeply into the religious identities, beliefs and practices of people around the world.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belief in ancestral spirits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In most of the countries analyzed in this report, about 20% to 40% of religiously unaffiliated adults believe that the spirits of ancestors can help or harm them. This includes 36% of \u201cnones\u201d in France, 31% in Canada and 25% in South Korea. Only in South Africa do a majority of \u201cnones\u201d (81%) believe ancestral spirits can affect them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In general, \u201cnones\u201d who say religion is not at all<\/em> important in their lives are much less likely than other \u201cnones\u201d to believe that ancestral spirits can help or harm them. For example, in France, 27% of \u201cnones\u201d who say religion is not at all important to them believe in the active role of ancestral spirits, compared with 57% of other \u201cnones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Self-identified atheists are generally less likely than people who describe their religion as \u201cnothing in particular\u201d to believe in the power of ancestral spirits. In the Netherlands, for instance, 14% of atheists say the spirits of ancestors can help or hurt them, while 27% of adults in the \u201cnothing in particular\u201d category express the same belief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belief in other kinds of spirits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

We also asked survey respondents whether they think spirits or spiritual energies are present in parts of nature (such as mountains, rivers or trees), in certain objects (such as crystals, jewels or stones), or in animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In most of the 22 countries discussed in this report, half or more of \u201cnones\u201d say animals have spirits or spiritual energies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And in most of these countries, sizable shares also believe that parts of nature can have spirits, though the shares range widely, from 80% of Chilean \u201cnones\u201d to 28% of Hungarian and Swedish \u201cnones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Much lower percentages of \u201cnones\u201d believe that certain objects can have spiritual energies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a now-familiar pattern, \u201cnones\u201d who say religion is not at all<\/em> important in their lives are less likely than other \u201cnones\u201d to believe that mountains, rivers or trees can have spirits. In Germany, for instance, 38% of \u201cnones\u201d who place no importance on religion hold this belief, compared with 64% of \u201cnones\u201d who say religion has at least a little importance in their lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

How the beliefs of \u2018nones\u2019 vary by gender<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Among religiously unaffiliated adults, women are generally more likely than men to hold most of the religious and spiritual beliefs asked about in the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This gender gap occurs in more than a dozen countries on the question of whether parts of nature can have spirits or spiritual energies. In Australia, for example, 60% of women who are \u201cnones\u201d believe this, compared with 31% of \u201cnones\u201d who are men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, among \u201cnones,\u201d women typically are more likely than men to believe in reincarnation \u2013 defined in the survey as the belief that \u201cpeople will be reborn in this world again and again.\u201d For instance, unaffiliated women in South Korea are about twice as likely as unaffiliated men to believe in reincarnation (36% vs. 16%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, unaffiliated women are more likely than unaffiliated men to believe in God in only four of the 15 countries with sufficient sample sizes to analyze differences by gender. And among Swedish \u201cnones,\u201d men<\/em> are somewhat more likely than women to express belief (13% vs. 6%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There aren\u2019t many substantial differences on these questions by age or education. For example, the beliefs of \u201cnones\u201d ages 18 to 39 are typically quite similar to those of \u201cnones\u201d ages 40 and older. That said, on a few questions in this survey, younger religiously unaffiliated adults are somewhat more<\/em> likely than older \u201cnones\u201d to believe. In Canada, for example, 62% of younger \u201cnones\u201d believe that animals can have spirits, compared with half of older \u201cnones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while \u201cnones\u201d in the United States with at least an associate degree are somewhat less likely than U.S. \u201cnones\u201d with less education to hold most of the beliefs in this survey, this general pattern does not meaningfully extend across the other countries analyzed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Many religious \u201cnones,\u201d which include atheists and agnostics, hold religious and spiritual beliefs in the 22 countries studied. Read about belief in spirits and God, as well as differences by gender.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[]},"categories":[382,161,169,412,160,195],"tags":[],"bylines":[866,550,701],"collection":[],"datasets":[2610,2445,2774,2789],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[2769],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[507,516,504,514,513,509,505,512,515],"research-teams":[525,517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-273083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atheism-agnosticism","category-beliefs-practices","category-non-religion-secularism","category-pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project","category-religious-identity-affiliation","category-religiously-unaffiliated","bylines-jonathan-evans","bylines-kirsten-lesage","bylines-manolo-corichi","datasets-2023-24-religious-landscape-study-rls-dataset","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-132","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-143","datasets-spring-2024-survey-data","formats-report","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-germany","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-latin-america","regions-countries-mexico","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-north-america","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-global","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":273071,"word_count":1729,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/09\/04\/what-do-religious-nones-believe\/","art_direction":{"A2":{"id":273260,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":273260,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":273260,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":273260,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A1":{"id":273260,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":273260,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/08\/PR_2025.09.04_religious-nones-around-the-world_featured.jpg?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":273071,"title":"Many 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