{"id":272479,"date":"2025-08-19T13:56:15","date_gmt":"2025-08-19T17:56:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=272479"},"modified":"2026-03-26T08:05:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T12:05:13","slug":"appendix-b-classifying-european-political-parties-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/08\/19\/appendix-b-classifying-european-political-parties-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix B: Classifying European political parties"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Classifying parties as populist<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey<\/a> (CHES), Norris\u2019 Global Party Survey<\/a> and The PopuList<\/a>. We define a party as populist when at least two of these three measures classify it as such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CHES, which was conducted from February to May 2020, asked 421 political scientists specializing in political parties and European integration to evaluate the 2019 positions of 277 European political parties across all European Union member states. CHES results are regularly used by academics to classify parties with regard to their left-right ideological leanings, their key party platform positions and their degree of populism, among other things.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We measure anti-elitism using an average of two variables in the CHES data. First, we used \u201cPEOPLE_VS_ELITE,\u201d which asked the experts to measure the parties with regard to their position on direct versus representative democracy, where 0 means that the parties support elected officeholders making the most important decisions and 10 means that \u201cthe people,\u201d not politicians, should make the most important decisions. Second, we used \u201cANTIELITE_SALIENCE,\u201d which is a measure of the salience of anti-establishment and anti-elite rhetoric for that particular party, with 0 meaning not at all salient and 10 meaning extremely salient. The average of these two measures is shown in the table below as \u201canti-elitism.\u201d In all countries, we consider parties that score at or above a 7.0 as \u201cpopulist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Global Party Survey<\/a>, which was conducted from November to December 2019, asked 1,861 experts on political parties, public opinion, elections and legislative behavior to evaluate the ideological values, issue position and populist rhetoric of parties in countries on which they are an expert, classifying a total of 1,051 parties in 163 countries. We used \u201cTYPE_POPULISM,\u201d which categorizes populist rhetoric by parties. We added only \u201cstrongly populist\u201d parties using this measure. In Italy, experts were asked to categorize the entire center-right coalition instead of individual parties within the coalition. The coalition includes Lega, Forza Italia and Brothers of Italy. For all three parties, we applied the coalition rating of \u201cstrongly populist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The PopuList<\/a> is an ongoing project to classify European political parties as populist, far right, far left and\/or euroskeptic. The project specifically looks at parties that have \u201cbeen represented in their country\u2019s national parliament at least once\u201d since 1989. It is based on collaboration between academic experts and journalists. The PopuList classifies parties that emphasize the will of the people against the elite as populist.[1. Mudde, Cas. 2004. \u201cThe Populist Zeitgeist<\/a>.\u201d Government and Opposition.] This appendix uses The PopuList 3.0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Classifying parties as left, right or center<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

We can further classify these traditional and populist parties into three groups: left, right and center. When classifying parties based on ideology, we relied on the variable \u201cLRGEN\u201d in the CHES dataset, which asked experts to rate the positions of each party in terms of its overall ideological stance, with 0 meaning extreme left, 5 meaning center and 10 meaning extreme right. We define left parties as those that score below 4.5 and right parties as those above 5.5. Center parties have ratings between 4.5 and 5.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris\u2019 Global Party Survey and The PopuList. 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